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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Central Nervous System (CNS) CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube Neural tube becomes brain and spinal cord Brain Appearance: pinkish gray tissue, wrinkled like a walnut, texture of cold oatmeal Brain Weight: a little over 3 pounds
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Regions of the Brain Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) Diencephalon Brain Stem Cerebellum
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Central Nervous System (CNS) Figure 7.12a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Figure 7.12b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Cerebral Hemispheres: AKA “Cerebrum” Paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain Includes more than half of the brain mass & encloses the brain stem The surface is made of elevated ridges called gyri and shallow grooves called sulci
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Figure 7.13a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Hemispheres separated by a single deep fissure = “longitudinal fissure” Other fissures (deep grooves) divide the cerebrum into lobes Surface lobes of the cerebrum: Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Figure 7.13b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Cerebrum’s 3 Basic Regions: Superficial cerebral cortex of gray matter Internal white matter Basal nuclei
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cerebral Cortex Outer gray matter of the cerebrum Functions of neurons of the cerebral cortex: Speech, memory, logical & emotional response, consciousness, interpretation of sensation, voluntary movement
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cerebral White Matter Deeper tissue Composed of fiber tracts carrying impulses to, from, or within the cortex Large fiber tract = Corpus Callosum Allows cerebral hemispheres to communicate with one another
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Basal Nuclei Several “islands” of gray matter buried deep within the white matter Regulate voluntary motor activities
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Figure 7.15
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functional Areas of Cerebrum (SG page 9) Figure 7.13c
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structural Regions of the Brain (SG page 9) Figure 7.16
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Diencephalon AKA Interbrain Sits on top of the brain stem Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon Figure 7.16a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon Thalamus Surrounds the third ventricle The relay station for sensory impulses Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation We get the “pleasant or unpleasant” sensation as impulses pass here
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon Hypothalamus Under the thalamus Important autonomic nervous system center Helps regulate body temperature Controls water balance Regulates metabolism An important part of the limbic system (emotions) The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon Epithalamus Forms the roof of the third ventricle Houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland) Includes the choroid plexus—forms cerebrospinal fluid
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain Stem The size of a thumb in diameter & 3 inches long Attaches to the spinal cord Is the pathway of ascending & descending nerve tracts
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem Figure 7.16a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem Midbrain Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers Cerebral aqueduct connects 3 rd & 4 th ventricles Has two bulging fiber tracts— cerebral peduncles Has four rounded protrusions— corpora quadrigemina Reflex centers for vision and hearing
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem Pons The bulging center part of the brain stem Mostly composed of fiber tracts Includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem Medulla Oblongata The lowest part of the brain stem Merges into the spinal cord Contains important fiber tracts & control centers: Heart rate control Blood pressure regulation Breathing Swallowing Vomiting
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem Reticular Formation Diffuse mass of gray matter along the brain stem Involved in motor control of visceral organs Reticular activating system (RAS) plays a role in awake/sleep cycles and consciousness Damage here results in a coma
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Reticular Formation of the Brain Stem Figure 7.16b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cerebellum Projects dorsally under occipital lobe Two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces Provides timing for skeletal muscle activity & controls balance & equilibrium Ataxia Damage to cerebellum by blow to head, tumor, or stroke causes movements to become clumsy & disorganized Appear drunk because of loss of muscle coordination
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebellum Figure 7.16a
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