1. Neurologically Based Communicative Disorders

2. Disorders Aphasia Apraxia Dysarthria

3. Aphasia Loss of language function due to an injury to the brain in an area associated with the comprehension and production of language. Most often caused by stroke or cerebral vascular accident (CVA). Implications to clients will be different depending on a variety of factors: site, severity, uniqueness of individual. The above makes it challenging to define actual behaviors and deficits.

4. Types of aphasia (Table 11.3) Nonfluent Aphasias –Broca’s aphasia –Transcortical motor aphasia –Isolation aphasia –Global aphasia Fluent Aphasias –Wenicke’s aphasia –Conduction aphasia –Transcortical sensory aphasia –Anomic aphasia

5. Behaviors that are characteristic of aphasia Impaired auditory comprehension Impaired verbal expression Presence of paraphasias Perseveration Aggrammatism, or grammatical errors Nonfluent speech or nonmeaningful fluent speech Difficulty repeating words, phrases, and sentences Problems with naming and word finding (anomia) Impaired reading ability (alexia y dyslexia) Impaired writing ability (agraphia or dysgraphia; possibly confounded by loss of use of the dominant right hand due to hemiparesis) In bilingual clients, unequal impairment between the two languages Pragmatic deficits Difficulty using or understanding gestures

6. Dysarthria Motor speech disorder that results from muscular impairment. Muscular weakness, slowness, or incoordination affects all the basic processes of speech: respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation, and prosody. Articulation errors most prominent Six types of dysarthria; each with different etiology and different speech behavior (table 11.2).

7. Apraxia Motor disorder resulting from a neurological damage. Inabilty to execute volitional (purposeful) movements despite having normal muscle tone and coordination. Muscles are capable of normal functioning, but faulty programming from the brain prevents the completion of precise purposeful movements. Three types of apraxia: limb, oral (ex. Unable to protrude tongue) and verbal (ex. Unable to positioning and sequencing muscles involved in th efolitional productio of phonemes).