1. C+S=I The Inference Formula A formula is like a recipe. If you do it the same way every time, it always works!

2. Today’s Lesson: Objectives: Students will define “inference.” Students will identify clues (evidence) in text. Students will apply the formula, C+S=I to determine valid inferences. We will: Define inference. Define and identify clues. Apply our strategy C+S= Ito infer together. Try it individually.

3. What is an inference? infer, inferring (v.)- When you figure something out by using the clues you see and the background knowledge, or schema you already have. inference: (n.) It’s what you make when you infer (a synonym for this is hypothesis, or educated guess). -A good inference is based on evidence, or clues.

4. C+S=I is a formula for inferring. CluesSchemaInference What we see Evidence What we already know about the topic Reasonable guess based on clues We will use a table like this one to help us organize our thoughts while we infer with our formula: C+S=I.

5. What can you infer? You infer all the time in real life! It comes naturally. I bet you already inferred that this dog wants someone to put food in his bowl. One clue that helped you is the bowl in the dog’s mouth. Another clue is the way the dog is sitting. I know that dogs eat from bowls, and dogs sit like this when they want something. (schema!!)

6. Here’s how I use C+S=I to organize my thoughts about this inference. CluesSchemaInference The way the dog is sitting The dog has a bowl in his mouth. I know dogs sit like that when they want something. I know dogs eat from bowls. The dog wants someone to put food in his bowl. Hint: Sometimes there is more than one reasonable inference that can be made based on the clues. Let’s look at some examples. I’ll use my clues to explain my inference. I can add in my schema too.

7. Watch me: What happened to the tan SUV? __________________________________________ C + S =I I see…I know…I can infer… What are some other reasonable inferences about this picture? What clues support the inference?

8. Help me: Why is the girl frowning? ___________________________________________ C + S =I I see…I know….I can infer…. Turn to your neighbor: explain your inference by saying: “I can infer…because…”

9. Watch me: What is Kendall’s problem? ____________________________________ C + S =I I see…I know…I can infer… Kendall stabbed at the lettuce on her plate with her fork. She stared at the bowl angrily. She didn’t care how long they made her sit there. No way was she going to eat that. “I don’t care,” she mumbled as her mom, dad, and brother loaded dessert onto their plates. She scowled as she saw her brother bite into the warm brownie on his plate. She slouched down in her chair and groaned as Mom scooped ice cream onto everyone’s plates.

10. Help me: What was Mom doing before she found Whiskers? ____________________________________________________ C + S =I I see…I know…I can infer… When Mom walked into the house with groceries, she was surprised by what she saw! She was too busy laughing to be upset about the broken ornaments on the floor. She put the bags of food down and went to get her camera. Whiskers seemed to smile at her as he reclined in his tree perch, comfortably surrounded by lights and garland.

11. Watch me: What activity are Mary, Megan, Mom and Dad getting ready to do together? ____________________________________________ CSI I see…I know…I can infer… Mary and Megan worked together to unload the big cooler from the car. They carried it over to a grassy spot in the sun. Mom had packed sandwiches, juices, apples, and brownies inside the cooler, and the girls couldn’t wait to dig in! Dad spread the blanket out on the ground. Then he began to help Mom put the paper plates and plastic silverware in place on the blanket.

12. Help me: What is the class getting ready to do? __________________________________________ CSI I see…I know…I can infer… Mrs. Jones told us to get our coats and line up at the door. We were all really excited and ready to get going, so we did what she asked us to as quickly as we could. We had just finished studying fossils in class, and now we were going to get to see some real fossils! Each of us stood in line with our buddy, who would be our partner for the day. I was partnered with my best friend. We were going to have so much fun together. Mrs. Jones took us to the front of the school building, where three big, yellow, buses were waiting for us.

13. Reflect: Talk about it. What does it mean to infer? What formula do we use to help us understand our inferences? What do we use to prove our inference? Why do we need to know how to infer in real life? What about when we read?