1. Covalent Bonding What is a covalent bond?

2. Covalent Bonding What is a covalent bond? How is a covalent bond different from an ionic bond?

3. Covalent Bonding What is a covalent bond? How is a covalent bond different from an ionic bond? How is bond length and bond energy related to the stability of a covalent bond?

4. Covalent Bonding What is a covalent bond? How is a covalent bond different from an ionic bond? How is bond length and bond energy related to the stability of a covalent bond? What is the difference between nonpolar covalent bonding and polar covalent bonding.

5. Covalent Bonding What is a covalent bond? How is a covalent bond different from an ionic bond? How is bond length and bond energy related to the stability of a covalent bond? What is the difference between nonpolar covalent bonding and polar covalent bonding. Electronegativity vs Bond Type

6. Ionic Bonding metal + nonmetal = an ionic bond NaCl Ionic bonding involves a transfer of electrons Cations and anions are formed

7. Covalent Bonding Nonmetal + nonmetal = covalent bond Bonding electrons are shared No cations or anions are formed

8. Covalent Compounds Like ionic compounds covalent compounds are most stable when they follow the octet rule.

9. Covalent Bonding What forces hold a covalent bond together?

10. Covalent Bonding What forces hold a covalent bond together?

11. Bond Length vs Stability

12. In general, the shorter the bond length the more stable the bond. Bond stability can be measure by how much energy it takes to break the bond.

13. Polar vs Nonpolar The polarity of a covalent bond can be measured by the difference in the electronegativity of the atoms involved in the bonding.

14. Polar vs Nonpolar For example, F 2 is nonpolar. The difference in electronegativity is zero.

15. Polar vs Nonpolar On the other hand water is polar. The difference in electronegativity between oxygen and hydrogen is 3.44 – 2.20 = 1.24

16. Polar vs Nonpolar

17. A difference in electronegativity of 0.0 to 0.5 is considered to be nonpolar. A difference in electronegativity of 0.5 to 2.1 is considered to be polar. Anything over 2.1 is considered to be ionic.

18. Dipole When one end of a molecule has a delta + and the other end has a delta -, the molecule has dipole character.

19. Like Dissolves Like Water is a dipole therefore ionic or polar substances will dissolve in water. Nonpolar substances will not dissolve in water. Benzene is a nonpolar molecule. Nonpolar substances such as oil or gasoline will dissolve in benzene.