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Metaphors Informing the user what to do Lecture 10 Gabriel Spitz 1
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Metaphor Definition ? “ The transference of the relation between one set of objects to another set for the purpose of brief explanation ” Lakoff & Johnson “...the way we think, what we experience, and what we do every day is very much a matter of metaphor. ” in our language & thinking - “ argument is war ” he attacked every weak point... criticisms right on target... if you use that strategy We can use metaphor to highlight certain features & suppress others Gabriel Spitz
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Example Metaphors Global metaphors personal assistant, wallet, clothing, pens, cards, telephone, eyeglasses Data & function rolodex, to-do list, calendar, applications documents, find, assist Collections drawers, files, books, newspapers, photo albums Gabriel Spitz
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Designing the Interface of a music player Actions Start Stop Pause Rapid forward Rapid backward Gabriel Spitz
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What is an Interface Metaphor A metaphor is one thing that is conceived as representing another; A is like B An interface metaphor is an interface that has been developed to resemble aspects of a physical entity Gabriel Spitz The interface to a Yamaha CD Player
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Why Interface Metaphor It combines new concepts with familiar knowledge Creating a list with Shopping Cart We can describe an application as being like some other familiar object, or an operation being like a familiar operation Gabriel Spitz
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Why Interface Metaphor Helps users conceptualize abstract, hard to imagine, computer concepts in more concrete and familiar terms Gabriel Spitz Store content in a temporary storage location and then insert it in a file Cut & Paste VS.
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An Interface Metaphor Example Imagine expressing the various communication functions and procedures as a set of instructions Gabriel Spitz Global Metaphor Others: PIM Wallet
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Benefits of Interface Metaphor It capitalizes on knowledge that users already have – less learning Users are more comfortable dealing with objects and concepts that they are familiar with – greater user satisfaction Can reduce the visual clutter at the interface Gabriel Spitz
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Interface Metaphor - Example Gabriel Spitz Metaphor for Data & Function Calendar To-do list
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Interface Metaphor - Example Gabriel Spitz PIM
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Interface Metaphor - Example Gabriel Spitz Metaphor for a Collection AZZ Cardfile
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Potential Issues with Metaphors Some metaphors or the way they are used break cultural and logical rules Trash can should be under the desk Deleting a document is not equivalent to ejecting a disc for safe keeping Gabriel Spitz
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Potential Issues with Metaphors Some changes strain the metaphor and hamper users ’ performance and learning Printer control dialog box What does the rewind button means Gabriel Spitz
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Potential Issues with Metaphors Gabriel Spitz Another strained metaphor
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Potential Issues with Metaphors Not all metaphors cross cultural boundaries easily Gabriel Spitz
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Metaphors Need to be Adapted Some changes extend the metaphor in a “ natural ” way and thus increase its value as an organizing concept Gabriel Spitz
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Extending Metaphor Gabriel Spitz A good metaphor is one that can account for the largest number of functions
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Game Metaphor Gabriel Spitz
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Gallery Metaphor Gabriel Spitz
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Metaphor Controversy Interface metaphors can be abused or misused However Interface metaphors can also be very helpful and useful Adopt interface metaphors in an effective way to combine familiar knowledge with new functionality Gabriel Spitz
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Design Guides Provide good conceptual model customers want to understand how UI controls impact object Make things visible if object has function, interface should show it Map interface controls to customer ’ s model infix -vs- postfix calculator -- whose model? Provide feedback what you see is what you get! Gabriel Spitz
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Summary – Conceptual Model A usable interface will have: A purposefully designed conceptual model for the system image A conceptual model that is logical, well articulated, easy to learn, and easy to understand A conceptual model that is compatible with users task and work style A conceptual model that capitalizes on what users know or are familiar with Gabriel Spitz
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