1. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 12 Special Topic: The Development of American Activism The Right to Revolt John Locke argued that certain rights cannot be taken away. Jefferson based the Declaration on this premise, and further argued that resistance is justified when rights are curtailed. American Activism and Protest

2. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 12 Special Topic: The Development of American Activism In 1765, the Sons of Liberty organized in resistance to the Stamp Act. They held rallies, sponsored “committees of correspondence,” and recruited community leaders to their cause. Pathways of Action: The Sons of Liberty

3. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 12 Special Topic: The Development of American Activism The First Amendment Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Constitutional Foundations The First Amendment allows for the right of assembly, an important basis for activism.

4. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 12 Special Topic: The Development of American Activism “The liberty of association has become a necessary guarantee against the tyranny of the majority….There are no countries in which associations are more needed, to prevent the despotism of faction or the arbitrary power of the prince, than those which are democratically constituted.” Alexis de Tocqueville, 1835 American Activism and Protest Toqueville stressed the importance of the right to assembly.

5. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 12 Special Topic: The Development of American Activism Prohibition The Prohibition Movement Although Prohibition came to a head in the early 1900s, it was one of the earliest movements in American history. Roots in early 1800s Women’s Christian Temperance Union founded 1874. Women were leaders in this movement, and gained experience in political culture. Eighteenth Amendment, 1919 (Repealed by Twenty-First Amendment)

6. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 12 Special Topic: The Development of American Activism Abolition Centralized organization with 2,000 chapters Used the media and lectures to popularize the struggle Petitions to Congress The Underground Railroad was a peaceful means used. John Brown led raids and hoped to start a revolution. The movement was disbanded with ratification of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. The movement gave crucial experience to activists hoping to achieve women’s suffrage and prohibition. Various forms of activism developed in the struggle for the abolition of slavery.

7. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 12 Special Topic: The Development of American Activism The Women’s Rights Movement: The First Wave Gaining Suffrage Early activists for women’s rights were also part of the fight for abolition. Suspended during the Civil War Turned into a mass movement after 1910 Used national and international organizations, lecture tours, protests, and the courts Nineteenth Amendment ratified in 1920

8. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 12 Special Topic: The Development of American Activism Labor Unions The Rise of Labor Unions Used the advantage of numbers to gain concessions American Federation of Labor, 1886 AFL and other unions won the right to organize under the Clayton Act, 1914 Child Textile Workers in Philadelphia

9. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 12 Special Topic: The Development of American Activism Antiwar movement began in the 1950s After 1965, new groups protesting the war in Vietnam Highest point of unrest since the Civil War Vietnam and the Antiwar Movement

10. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 12 Special Topic: The Development of American Activism New goals after gaining the right to vote Workplace discrimination a major issue Civil Rights Act of 1964 Equal Rights Amendment never ratified The Women’s Rights Movement: The Second Wave

11. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter Twelve Special Topic: The Development of American Activism Pathways Profile: A. Philip Randolph (1889–1979) In 1925, organized a labor union: the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Organized the 1963 March on Washington

12. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 12 Special Topic: The Development of American Activism The Civil Rights Movement Used the courts, passive resistance, marches Civil Rights Act of 1957 Voting Rights Act of 1965