1. NMDC Limited, Donimalai Presentation
Occupational Health Hazards in Mining Industry
Dr. Santosh Kumar, MS (ENT)
NMDC Limited, Donimalai Presentation
30 August 2010
Strictly Private

2. Disclaimer
The information contained in this Presentation does not constitute or form part of, and should not be construed as, an offer or invitation to subscribe for or purchase the securities of the Company in any jurisdiction. Neither this Presentation or any part of it shall form the basis of, or be relied upon in connection with, any offer to purchase securities, or act as an inducement to enter into any contract or commitment whatsoever. Any public offer of shares will only be made pursuant to the Red Herring Prospectus, if any, and any acquisition of shares should only be made on the basis of information contained in such offering documentation. In particular, this Presentation does not constitute an offer of securities in the United States. No public offering of securities will be made in the United States.
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This Presentation speaks as of 8th January Neither the delivery of this Presentation nor any further discussions of the Company with any of the recipients shall, under any circumstances, create any implication that there has been no change in the affairs of the Company since such date.

3. Table of Contents
1. Overview
2. Occupational Health in Mining
3. Occupational Diseases in Mining
4. Health Hazard in Mining
5. Management Of Occupational Diseases
6. Conclusion
7. Questions & Thank You.

4. A multi-disciplinary Industry Draws upon several professions & trades
What is Mining? – A Perspective
Mining is an ancient occupation, long recognized as being arduous and liable to injury and diseases
A multi-disciplinary Industry
Draws upon several professions & trades

5. Life cycle of a Mine Exploration Mine Development Mine Operation
Decommissioning
Land Rehabilitation

6. Mining and Occupational Health
The history of occupational health can be traced into antiquity. Observations of increased rates of illness and mortality among miners date back to Greek and roman times.
In the 4th century BC, Hippocrates noted toxicity in the mining industry.
In the 2nd Century AD, the Greek physician Galen, recognized the hazardous exposure of copper miners to acid mists.

7. Occupational Health – by ILO and WHO
“The promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well being of workers in all occupations.” - Measured by the total health of all at work
Promotion and maintenance of the well being of workers
Prevention of departures from health caused by working conditions.
Protection from risks resulting from factors adverse to their health.
Placing and maintenance of the worker in an environment adopted to their physiological and psychological conditions.
What is Occupational Health

8. Occupational Disease
Occupational Illness means
a condition that results from exposure in a work place to a physical, chemical or biological agent
to the extent that the normal physiological mechanism are affected
health of worker is impaired
includes an occupational disease
entitled under the Workplace safety and insurance act 1997

9. Occupational Health Professionals
Players in Occupational Health
Occupational Health
Employers
Workers & Trade Unions
Occupational Health Professionals
Government

10. Social Management & Rehabilitation
Where can we influence Occupational Health?
Design Stage
Source of Hazard
Diagnosis & Treatment
Social Management & Rehabilitation

11. Health Hazards in Mining
Physical Hazard
Air borne Hazards
Chemical of Biological Hazard
Psycho-Social Hazard
Mechanical Hazard

12. Health Hazards in Mining – Physical Hazard
Noise [NIHL]
Vibration
Heat & Humidity [Heat Illness]
Air pressure changes [Air Embolism]
Ionizing Radiation [Leukemia, Cancer]
Trauma

13. Health Hazards in Mining – Airborne Hazards
Particulates
Naturally occurring gases
Engine Exhaust
Chemical Vapors
Dust

14. Health Hazards in Mining - Chemical of Biological Hazard
Crystalline Silica - Silicosis
Coal Dust – Pneumoconiosis
COPD
Diesel Particulate - Human Carcinogen
Tuberculosis, Hepatitis

15. Health Hazards in Mining
Psycho-Social Hazard
Mechanical Hazard
Injuries
Ergonomic disorder – MSD and CTD
Good News
Bad News
All the recognized occupational diseases are 100 % preventable
There is no cure if the disease takes root

16. NIHL - Noise Induced Hearing Loss
A disorder that results from exposure to high intensity sound over long period of times.
Noise is common in mining
It is generated by drilling, blasting, cutting, material handling, crushing, conveying & ore processing
Types of NIHL
Acoustic trauma
Gradually developing NIHL
Stay tuned…..

17. Sound is measured in the unit decibel (dB)
NIHL - Noise Induced Hearing Loss
Sound is measured in the unit decibel (dB)
Permanent cochlear damage from one time exposure to excessive sound pressure (above 140 dB)
Gradually developing NIHL
Prolonged exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB
Sound Level (dB)
Permitted daily exposure
90 db
8 hrs
95 db
4 hrs
100 db
2 hrs
105 db
1 hr
110 db
30 minutes
115 db
15 minutes
Ministry of Labor, Govt. Of India – Recommendation
No exposure in excessive of 115 db is permitted
No impulse noise of intensity greater than 140 db is permitted

18. Hearing Loss – The 4 Ps
Painless
Progressive
Permanent
Preventable
The 4 Ps

19. Components of Hearing Conservation Program Monitoring Noise Level
NIHL - Hearing Conservation Program
Components of Hearing Conservation Program
Monitoring Noise Level
Performing Audiometric Test
Using Appropriate Hearing Protective devices
Education and Staff training
Record Keeping

20. Occupational Hazard - SILICOSIS
Caused by inhalation of crystalline silica dust
Inflammation and scarring in lungs (Nodular Lesions)
Types
Information
Chronic Simple
10 to 12 years of exposure
No Symptoms, Only X-ray changes
Accelerated Silicosis
5 to 10 years of exposure
Complicated Silicosis
20 years of exposure
Massive Fibrosis
Respiratory impairment
Acute Silicosis
Few weeks to 5 years of Intense exposure
Rapid onset of dyspnoea, weakness, weight loss and death

21. Inorganic Dust Organic Dust
Occupational Hazard - Pneumoconiosis
Pneumo => LUNG Konis => DUST
Inorganic Dust
Organic Dust
Coal Dust – Anthracosis
Silica Dust – Silicosis
Asbestos – Asbestosis
Cane Fiber – Bagassosis
Cotton – Byssinosis
Tobacco – Tobaccosis, Lung Cancer
Grain Dust – Farmer’s Lung

22. Occupational Hazard - Pneumoconiosis
Patient Presentation
Cough – Dry, often persistent, sometimes severe
Shortness of Breath – exacerbated by excretion
Fatigue
Rapid breathing also known as Tachypnoea
Chest pain, fever
Cyanosis -Bluish Skin
Cor-pulmonali - Right Ventricle heart disease
Respiratory insufficiency – Failure leading to death

23. Occupational Hazard – Heat Illness / Heat Stroke
Indication
Treatment
True Emergency
Altered LOC (Loss of Consciousness)
Any neurological finding
Elevated Temperature
Sweating
Syncope
Awareness
Adaptation of Behavioral and Physical Activity
Clothing
Hydration
Education

24. Occupational Hazard – Frost Bite
Indication
Treatment
Frigid Condition
Cuts off circulation in extremities
Solid to touch and painless – Loss of sensation
Warm drinks
Proper covering
Warm the injured part by body heat only (ex: put it under armpit)
Do NOT rub the skin of the injured part.
Do NOT apply direct heat.

25. Occupational Hazard – Psycho- Social Hazards
Lack of job satisfaction, insecurity, poor interpersonal relation, work pressure Etc.
Psychological and behavioral changes
Hostility
Aggressiveness
Anxiety
Depression
Alcoholism
Drug Addiction
Sickness Absenteeism
Psychosomatic Disorders
Hypertension
Headache
Body ache
Peptic Ulcer
Diabetes

26. Musculoskeletal disorder Cumulative Trauma disorder
Occupational Hazard – Mechanical Hazard
Indication
Prevention
Injury
Ergonomic disorder
Musculoskeletal disorder
Cumulative Trauma disorder
Ergonomics – Adjustment of man and machine.
Tool/Machine design to for work.
Ergo tools / Ergo friendly tools (tool that reduce stress or problem resulting in CTD’s / MSD)

27. The spine is compressed by downward force
Occupational Hazard – Manual Work
Causes
The spine is compressed by downward force
resulting in a continuous squeeze
causing a rupture/bulge with severe pain

28. B - Think before lifting
Occupational Hazard – Manual Work
Prevention - 2 Ways
A – Straight back rule
B - Think before lifting
Stay tuned…..

29. Use alternative means to reduce manual handling
Occupational Hazard – Manual Work - Prevention
Use alternative means to reduce manual handling
Consider
the load, size, awkward shape
The need for mechanical or manual assistance
Keep back Straight

30. Bend from hips, avoid “twisting” the body
Occupational Hazard – Manual Work - Prevention
Bend from hips, avoid “twisting” the body
Tighten the stomach muscle, but do not hold breath
Bend the knees
Keep the load close to body

31. Lift with the legs not the back
Occupational Hazard – Manual Work - Prevention
Lift with the legs not the back
Keep carrying distance short
Avoid changing grip or jerking
Deposit the load by bending knees.

32. Conclusion
Application of human biological sciences with engineering science to achieve optimum adjustment of man and his work, the benefit being measured in terms of human efficiency and well being

33. Questions & Thank You