1. Risk and Return - Part 1 Introduction to VaR and RAROC Glenn Meyers - Insurance Services Office Tim Freestone/Wei-Keung Tang –Seabury Insurance Capital LLC Peter Nakada - eRisk, Inc.

2. Risk and Return - Part 1 Introduction to VaR and RAROC The purpose of Part 1 is to provide an overview of the issues involved in determining the cost of capital for an insurer. We don’t all agree on how to deal with these issues. Go to Part 2 to see some different points of view on this issue.

3. Determine Capital Needs for an Insurance Company The insurer's risk, as measured by its statistical distribution of outcomes, provides a meaningful yardstick that can be used to set capital needs. A statistical measure of capital needs can be used to evaluate insurer operating strategies.

4. Volatility Determines Capital Needs Low Volatility

5. Volatility Determines Capital Needs High Volatility

6. Define Risk A better question - How much money do you need to support an insurance operation? Look at total assets. Some of the assets can come from unearned premium reserves and loss reserves, the rest must come from insurer capital.

7. Coherent Measures of Risk Axiomatic Approach Use to determine insurer assets X is random variable for insurer loss  (X) = Total Assets Capital =  (X) – Reserves(X)

8. Coherent Measures of Risk Subadditivity – For all random losses X and Y,  (X+Y)   (X)+  (Y) Monotonicity – If X  Y for each scenario, then  (X)   (Y) Positive Homogeneity – For all 0 and random losses X  ( X) = (X) Translation Invariance – For all random losses X and constants   (X+  ) =  (X) + 

9. Examples of Coherent Measures of Risk Simplest – Maximum loss  (X) = Max(X) Next simplest - Tail Value at Risk  (X) = Average of top (1-  )% of losses

10. Examples of Risk that are Not Coherent Standard Deviation –Violates monotonicity –Possible for E[X] + T×Std[X] > Max(X) Value at Risk/Probability of Ruin –Not subadditive –Large X above threshold –Large Y above threshold –X+Y not above threshold

11. Representation Theorems Artzner, Delbaen, Eber and Heath Maximum of a bunch of generalized scenarios Wang, Young and Panjer Expected value of X with probabilities distorted by g, where g(0)=0, g(1)=1 and g is concave down.

12. Correlation Multiple Line Parameter Uncertainty Select b from a distribution with E[b] = 1 and Var[b] = b. For each line h, multiply each loss by b. Generates correlation between lines.

13. Multiple Line Parameter Uncertainty A simple, but nontrivial example E[b] = 1 and Var[b] = b

14. Correlation and Capital b = 0.00 Chart 3.4 Correlated Losses 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 1.0 Random Multiplier Sum of Random Losses

15. Correlation and Capital b = 0.03

16. Positive Correlation Means More Capital A good insurer strategy will try to reduce correlation between its insureds. –Unless the price is right Example – Avoid geographic concentration in catastrophe-prone areas.

17. Long-Tailed Lines of Insurance Uncertainty in loss reserve must be supported by capital. Release capital over time as uncertainty is reduced.

18. Reinsurance Reduces capital needs Reduces the cost of capital Adds reinsurance transaction costs Insurer strategy - Minimize the combined capital and reinsurance transaction costs.

19. Allocating Capital Actually – Allocate the cost of capital In total, the cost of capital must come from the profit provisions of individual insurance policies. Allocate capital implicitly, or explicitly. See session C-3.

20. Measure Risk/Determine Capital Build insurer’s aggregate loss distribution. –Claim count distribution –Claim severity distribution –Dependencies/Correlation –Catastrophes –Reinsurance Hard part is to get the information. Should be fast as to evaluate various line/reinsurance strategies.

21. Measure Risk/Determine Capital For various line/reinsurance strategies –Calculate your favorite measure of risk/needed assets/capital. –Allocate cost of capital to business segments. –Compare resulting costs with market driven premiums. Select the most desirable strategy

22. Measure Risk/Determine Capital Links to a comprehensive example “The Cost of Financing Insurance” –CAS Ratemaking Seminar http://www.casact.org/coneduc/ratesem/2002/handouts/meyers1.ppt –Papers http://www.casact.org/pubs/forum/01spforum/meyers/index.htm