1. Erick Angeles, Becky Lu, Molly Mettler, Kenny Tran Period 6 Physics, Mr. Josh Jackson

2. Contributors Erick Angeles: Supplies Becky Lu: Photos Molly Mettler: Step-By-Step Illustrations Kenny Tran: Supplies

3. Materials This project uses materials and tools that may require assistance: - 1 Drill - 1 Candle - 1 Sardine Can (or thin, sturdy container) - 2 ft. Copper Tubing (1/4”) - LOTS of Hot Glue

4. Step 1 -Empty container. Clean thoroughly and make sure there are NO sharp edges. This will be the body of the boat. -(If you are discarding fish, you may be able to find help for the disposal.)

5. Step 2 -Drill two holes in the bottom of the container. (Diameter=1/2in) -Make the holes about 2 inches apart. -The holes should be a little offset from the center of the container. *If you don’t have a drill at hand, a nail is a good way to start a hole.

6. Step 3 -Wrap the 2ft. of copper coil around a chair leg. This will be the “engine” of the boat. -Wrap it so it will have 4 loops. -If, at the end, one side of the coil is longer, cut it to be even with the other side.

7. Step 4 -Bend the copper coil’s end into right angles. -Bending point: 2 inches away from loops. -Ends of coil should be parallel. 2 inches

8. Step 5 -Put copper coil through holes in the container. -The boat should look like the picture shown.

9. Step 6 -Apply LOTS of hot glue to the open space (of the hole) around the copper tubing. This will keep water out of the boat.

10. Step 7 -Put water into copper coil. -Pour water into Tube A until water comes out of Tube B. -After, place in water, without letting water out of coil. Tube B Tube A

11. Step 8 -Place candle under (or close to) the coil and wait. This will cause the boat to move.

12. “Putt Putt! Here we go!”

13. Next are pictures that show the “Relationships Between the Boat and Physics”…

14. Conduction: when heat is transferred from molecule to molecule. Here, conduction is present in the copper tube; heat energy is transferred from copper molecule to copper molecule. Absorption: is the process where the energy enters molecules but can’t leave (internal reflection). An example of absorption is the copper tubing heating up. Heat occurs when there is transfer of energy because of temperature difference. Heat transfer happens when the candle’s flame “radiates” heat to the water in the copper tubing in an attempt to reach thermal equilibrium. Temperature can be defined as the average kinetic energy of atoms. We used the heat of a candle to increase the average kinetic energy of the molecules of the water in order to make the steamboat move.

15. First Law of Thermo: states that when heat is added it turns into and equal amount of “other” energy. This can be understood by examining how my steamboat “works”. (Flame adds energy  that amount of energy = Internal energy + Work) Liquid: matter with no certain shape, a certain volume, and has more heat than solids. Phase Change: achieved when there are differences in temperature. They require that heat be transferred between two materials. Phase change is evident in my steamboat where water is “changed” to steam. (as shown by the bubbles.) Gases: (referring to steam) matter with no certain shape and volume, have more heat than liquids.

16. Radiation: the process where energy is transferred as electromagnetic waves. (Energy moves, not molecules. The flame itself is an example of radiation. The heat energy is being transferred from the flame to the copper tubing. Third Law of Thermo: states that all thing become disorganized. This can be understood by examining how my steamboat’s candle flame creates steam from water (in copper coil.)

17. Second Law of Thermo: states that heat energy flows from hot  cold. This takes place when the steamboat shoots out hot water into cold water, which will push more cold water back into copper tubing. Thermal Expansion: where an object heats up  molecules move faster and apart  Eventually will need more space. This is portrayed in the steamboat where the water molecules shoot out of the pipe due to heat expansion. Compression: a process where “things come together” (like molecules). This takes place when the hot water molecules are shot into a mix of cold water molecules, eventually turning “cold” because the water molecules slow down and come together.

18. Thermal Equilibrium: is achieved when the kinetic energy within an object is the same as another. This means that the internal energy of one object equals another object. This is shown when the steamboat stops, due to the burning out of the flame  Forced to become room temperature.