1. ORGANIC MOLECULES
PROTEINS

2. Protein-Rich Foods Poultry Red Meat Shellfish and fish Milk Yogurt
Eggs
Figs
Nuts and Beans
Apricots, Cherries, Grapes, Bananas
Avocados.

3. PROTEINS Made of: C, H, O, N Monomer (subunit): Amino Acid
Function: Help the growth and maintenance of cells
Another name for a protein is a polypeptide.

4. AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES
Amino acids are also called “peptides”
A bond between two amino acids is called a “peptide bond.”
Three names for the same molecule:
Amino acid chain
polypeptide
protein

5. AMINO ACID STRUCTURE Amino acids are made of:
Central carbon (one carbon in the middle)
4 groups attached to the carbon
Amino group (NH2 or NH3+)
Carboxyl group (COOH or COO-)
Hydrogen group (H)
Random group (Also called a “side group” or “R-group”)

7. Example of an Amino Acid
Where is the
Hydrogen Group?
Amino Group?
Carboxyl Group?
R-Group?
Carboxyl Group
Amino Group
Hydrogen Group
R - Group

8. More Practice! Hydrogen Group Where is the: Hydrogen Group?
Amino Group?
Carboxyl Group?
R-Group?
Carboxyl Group
Amino Group
R-Group

9. One More! Hydrogen Group Where is the: Hydrogen Group? Amino Group?
Carboxyl Group?
R-Group?
Amino Group
Carboxyl Group
R-Group

10. THE R – GROUP
There are 20 different R-groups (below are six of the 20)
The R-group gives the amino acid its particular properties

11. PROTEIN STRUCTURE
There are 4 stages that proteins go through while being made
Primary (1*) (the first step)
Secondary (2*) (the second step)
Tertiary (3*) (the third step)
Quaternary (4*) (the fourth step)

12. PRIMARY STRUCTURE (1st)
First, the amino acids need to be put into the correct order
(like putting beads on a necklace)

13. SECONDARY STRUCTURE (2nd)
Next, the primary structure (the string of beads) begins to fold or coil up.
Different parts of the primary structure will coil (called alpha helices), and other parts will fold (called Beta-pleated sheets)

14. TERTIARY STRUCTURE (3rd)
Next, the secondary structure folds up on itself (the coils and folds all fold up on themselves to make a big ball)

15. QUATERNARY STRUCTURE (4th)
Two or more tertiary structures bonded together.
Video Clip: Protein Structure Folding

19. Keratin
Gives Strength to:
Skin
Hair/Fur
Nails
Hooves
Horns
Teeth

20. Muscles Tissue that allows movement of and within the body
Skeletal muscle (attached to bones)
Cardiac muscle (makes up the heart)
Smooth muscle (makes up stomach, diaphragm)

21. Hemoglobin
A protein in blood cells that helps transport oxygen to tissues in the body

22. Antibodies
Proteins in the blood that help defend the body against diseases and infections

23. Enzymes
Proteins that help control reactions in a cell (like break down food).