1. PHYLUM PORIFERA AND CNIDARIA Aquatic Science – Mrs. Walker PHYLUM PORIFERA (sponges) I.General A. extremely simple animals B. benthic C. mobile larval stage/sessile adult form D. some live alone/some live in colonies E. variety of colors and sizes (1cm to 2m) F. no nervous system a. mycocytes: muscle-like cells near outside pores and top of sponge that close openings to protect sponge from toxic substances in the water. G. no circulatory system: all cells must be close to water in order to take in O2 and eliminate CO2 a. folding allows all cells to contact water as the sponge increases in size

2. II. Body Plan A. loosely organized groups of cells B. no true tissues or organs C. 3 layers: 1. endoderm: inner layer of cells (choanocytes) a. choanocytes (collar cells) whip flagella to create a current inside the sponge (make own current) and food is also trapped in their stickiness and nutrients are passed on to the mesenchyme 2. mesenchyme: middle noncellular layer of jelly-like material a. amoebocytes: cells in mesenchyme that ingest and digest food b. spongin: proteinaceous elastic-like mesh for support in soft sponges c. CaCO3 and silicon spicules: give hard sponges their rigid structure 3. ectoderm: outer layer of cells a. contains small pores (ostia) which are surrounded by pore cells (porocytes) D. atria (body cavities): have 1 – many to keep all cells in contact with water E. osculum: where water and waste exit at top of sponge F. water path: porocytes -> atria -> osculum

3. III. Feeding A. filter feeders B. feed on bacteria, protists, organic debris C. digestion happens in individual cell food vacuoles D. can filter 100 liters of seawater in an hour IV. Respiration A. Water coming in contains dissolved O2 which diffuses into the sponge’s cells B. Carbon dioxide diffuses out fo the cells and is expelled through the osculum with the water V. Reproduction A. asexual (increases numbers) a. budding: bits of sponge pinch off and grow into new sponges b. regeneration: any piece broken off of a sponge can regenerate into a new sponge c. gemmules: protective cell packets designed to withstand conditions that kill the “parent” sponge. Gemmules grow into a new sponge. B. sexual (increases variety) 1. most are hermaphroditic (both sperm and eggs but can’t self-fertilize) 2. sperm emitted into currents and taken in by another sponge to fertilize eggs 3. fertilized eggs develop into larvae, leave sponge, settle and grow_

4. PHYLUM CNIDERIA (stinging organisms) I. General A. organisms such as hydroids, jellyfish, corals, and anemones B. more than 9,000 species C. have cnidocytes (stinging cells) D. larvae are meroplankton II. Cnidocytes A. cells specialized for capturing prey and defense B. located on tentacles C. nematocyst: coiled, thread-like structure with a barb housed in a capsule in each cnidocyte D. chemical or tactile stimuli causes firing E. used only once and new nematocyst is produced by cnidocyte

5. III. Body Plan A. radial symmetry B. composed of tissues but lack organs C. 3 body layers 1. outer epidermis: outer membrane 2. inner gastrodermis: inner membrane 3. noncellular mesoglea: jelly-like mass between the other two layers D. shape and thinness of the membranes and the low density of the mesoglea between them allow the jellyfish to float with ease E. move by using muscles to contract their medusa in a rhythmic fashion causing them to pulsate gently through the water (weak so often washed up) IV. Respiration 1. O2 and CO2 diffuse directly into and out of all cells V. Feeding 1. tentacles and medusa cilia bring food to mouth under medusa 2. digestion is extracelluar (coelenteron: digestive sac) and intracellular (food vacuoles) 3. waste: expelled through mouth

6. VI. Nervous system 1. nerve net: network of nerve cells and receptors VII. Life Cycle 1. alternation of generations a. sexual phase: - sperm out of male mouth into female mouth into digestive sac to ovaries to eggs. Eggs are laid and grow into larvae and then into polyp - OR- - sperm and eggs expelled into water for external fertilization 2. two body forms (generations) A. polyp 1. benthic 2. sessile 3. mouth and tentacles point up b. asexual phase: - immature jellyfish are “budded” from the polyp B. medusa Ex. jellyfish 1. weak free swimmer 2. mouth and tentacles hang down from bell

7. VIII. Classes: based on differences in life cycle and body structure 1. Hydrozoa: alternation of generations and colony of polyps is dominant stage Ex. Portuguese Man-of War, fire coral 2. Scyphozoa: alternation of generations and medusa is dominant Ex. true jelly fish 3. Anthozoa: only polyp stage Ex. Sea anemones and corals 4. Ctenophora: “catch-all” phylum Ex. Jelly-fish like organisms with gelatinous medusae (including comb jellies) - most do not have nematocysts