1. 2012 1/6 NSDI’08 Harnessing Exposed Terminals in Wireless Networks Mythili Vutukuru, Kyle Jamieson, and Hari Balakrishnan MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory

2. Introduction A well-known way to maximize throughput: maximize the number of concurrent transmission A problem in Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA): Exposed Terminal To improve throughput in a wireless network by harnessing exposed terminals, this paper proposes CMAP – in a distributed and lightweight way.

3. Introduction

4. Exposed Terminal AP1 AP2

5. Overview of CMAP Key Insight: Existing solutions: rules to predict which concurrent transmissions increase throughput (CSMA). Instead: watch and discover which concurrent transmissions increase throughput (CMAP).

6. CMAP Design Channel access: The CMAP uses a distributed data structure called the conflict map Use empirical observations of packet losses to populate the conflict map

7. CMAP Design

10. Windowed retransmission protocol Link Layer ACK : stop-and wait retransmission protocol CMAP: The ACKs sent by receivers are cumulative and contain a bitmap indicating which packets in the window have been received.

11. CMAP Design Backoff policy: Hidden interference : receivers report the loss rate over a window of packets in every cumulative ACK, and senders back off when this loss rate exceeds a threshold. loss rate < threshold : contention window(CW) = 0 Loss rate > threshold : contention window(CW) = (CWstart,CWmax)

12. CMAP Design Handling Multiple Bitrates annotate the interferer lists and defer tables with the bit- rates The extensions to handle multiple power levels are similar. Beyond Unicast Transmissions Broadcast - treated as a collection of unicast transmissions opportunistic routing - annotate the packet reception rates

13. Implementation

14. Evaluation CMAP 、 CSMA enable 、 CSMA disable

15. Exposed terminals

16. Senders in-range

17. Senders out of range

18. Access Point Topology divide the testbed into six “regions” designate one node in each region as an AP each AP is out of the communication range of every other AP Clients : the set of nodes in that region that have a potential transmission link to that AP

19. Access Point Topology

20. Conclusions presented the design, prototype implementation, and experimental evaluation of CMAP CMAP uses empirical observations of packet loss to build a distributed data structure – conflict maps CMAP successfully avoiding conflicting concurrent transmissions and increase the aggregate throughput CMAP improves aggregate throughput by up to 47% and median per-sender throughput by 1.8× over 802.11