1. Discovering our Past

2. Big question How does geography influence the way people live?

3. Vocabulary

4. projection

5. hemisphere

6. latitude

7. longitud

8. physical map

9. political map

10. Displaying the Earth´s Surface

11. Map Projection

12. Five Themes and Six Essential Elements of Geogra´phy

13. Graphics

14. Periods of time Decade: a group of 10 years Century: a group of 100 years Millennium: a group of 1000 years A period of several centuries is sometimes called era: locationplace movemen t Human Enviroment

15. Calendars To keep track of the days and months, we use calendar. Some cultures calendars that are different from us. Some calendars are arranged according to the nature or the position of the moon Julian Calendar  Used by Julius Caesar  Started with the funding of Rome  Included leap years  Lost several minutes each year Gregorian Calendar  By Pope Gregory  Started with birth of Jesus  Included leap years  Used B.C. and A.D.  Still used today

16. Digging Up the Past Archeology is the study of the past by looking as what people left behind. An archeologist digs in the earth for artifacts. An artifact is an object made by people. Tools, pottery, weapons, and jewelry are artefacts. They help archeologist learn what life was like in the past Paleontology studies prehistoric times. Paleontologists study fossils. Fossils are the remains of plant and animal life that have been preserved from an earlier time. Anthropology is the study of culture. Anthropologists study artifacts and fossils, too. They look for clues what people valued and believed Ways to study the past Paleontology: The study fossils Paleontology: The study fossils Anthropology: Studying culture by looking at artifacts and fossils Anthropology: Studying culture by looking at artifacts and fossils Archeology: Digging in the earth to study artifacts Archeology: Digging in the earth to study artifacts

17. Resources A primary source is a kind of evidence. Primary sources are created by people who saw or were part of an event. Letters and diaries are primary sources Secondary sources is also evidence. Secondary sources are created after an event. They are created by people who were not part of the event Sources that the historians use Primary sourcesSecondary sources  Written at the time of the event  Eyewitness to history  Reliable sources for historians  Includes letters, diaries, tools, clothing  Written after the event  Author did not witness the event  Contains facts about an event  Includes textbooks and encyclopedias

18. Writing about the history Historians interpret information from primary sources to make inferences. Making an inference means choosing the most likely explanation for the facts. Sometimes the inference is simple To make an inference, historians start with primary resources. They use sources the already know are trustworthy. Next read secondary sources. They think about the different points of view. Finally they make an inference to explain what happened Many historians write articles about their inferences. Most articles are published on scholarly journals, or magazines. Scholarly magazines are concerned with learning. How historians make inferences Study primary sources Review secondary sources Think about different points of view Make an inference to explain what happend

19. Conclusions A conclusion is a final decision that is reached by reasoning. It is an inference. Historians draw conclusions about event of the past. The look for facts and evidence in their sources. Then, the use reasoned to draw a conclusion Sometimes historians disagree in their conclusion Examine primary sourcesUse already-know factsRead secondary sourcesUse facts to make an inference or draw conclusionWrite article about inference or conclusion

20. Planning your project The first step in researching a history topic is choose a topic. Your topic should not be to broad or too narrow After you choose a topic, decide what you want to learn about, create six questions to help you to find out who, what, when, where, why, and how The next step is to collect your research material. Start with an encyclopedia Finally, look for articles on the Internet look at each book and article to make sure it is trustworthy Choose a topic Collect sources Decide if each source can be trusted Starting historical research