1. AP Biology 2006-2007 Cellular Respiration Oxidation of Pyruvate Krebs Cycle Modified from Kim Foglia

2. AP Biology pyruvate       CO 2 Glycolysis is only the start  Glycolysis  Pyruvate has more energy to yield  3 more C to strip off (to oxidize)  if O 2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondria  enzymes of Krebs cycle complete oxidation of sugar to CO 2 2x2x 6C3C glucose      pyruvate 3C1C

3. AP Biology Cellular respiration

4. AP Biology pyruvate    acetyl CoA + CO 2 Oxidation of pyruvate NADNADH 3C2C 1C [ 2x ]  Pyruvate enters mitochondria  3 step oxidation process  releases 1 CO 2 (count the carbons!)  reduces NAD  NADH (stores energy)  produces acetyl CoA  Acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle  where does CO 2 go?

5. AP Biology Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA Yield = 2C sugar + CO 2 + NADH reduction oxidation

6. AP Biology Krebs cycle  aka Citric Acid Cycle  in mitochondrial matrix  8 step pathway  each catalyzed by specific enzyme  step-wise catabolism of 6C citrate molecule  Evolved later than glycolysis  does that make evolutionary sense?  bacteria  3.5 billion years ago (glycolysis)  free O 2  2.7 billion years ago (photosynthesis)  eukaryotes  1.5 billion years ago (aerobic respiration = organelles  mitochondria) 1937 | 1953 Hans Krebs 1900-1981

7. AP Biology 4C6C4C 2C6C5C4C CO 2 citrate acetyl CoA Count the carbons! 3C pyruvate x2x2 oxidation of sugars This happens twice for each glucose molecule

8. AP Biology ATP 4C6C4C 2C6C5C4C CO 2 citrate acetyl CoA Count the electron carriers! 3C pyruvate reduction of electron carriers NADH FADH 2 NADH ATP This happens twice for each glucose molecule x2x2 CO 2 NADH

9. AP Biology So we fully oxidized glucose C 6 H 12 O 6  CO 2 & ended up with 4 ATP! Whassup?

10. AP Biology  Krebs cycle produces large quantities of electron carriers  NADH  FADH 2  go to Electron Transport Chain Electron Carriers = Hydrogen Carriers H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ ATP ADP + P i

11. AP Biology 2x Energy accounting of Krebs cycle Net gain=2 ATP =8 NADH + 2 FADH 2 1 ADP1 ATP 3C 3x3x 1C 4 NAD + 1 FAD4 NADH + 1 FADH 2 pyruvate          CO 2 ATP

12. AP Biology So why the Krebs cycle?  If the yield is only 2 ATP, then why?  value of NADH & FADH 2  electron carriers & H carriers  reduced molecules move electrons  reduced molecules move H + ions  to be used in the Electron Transport Chain like $$ in the bank

13. AP Biology 2006-2007 The Point is to Make ATP! ATP What’s the point?

14. AP Biology H+H+ ADP + P i H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ And how do we do that? ATP  Set up a H + gradient  Allow the H + to flow through ATP synthase ADP + P i  ATP Have we done that yet?