1. Adolescence and Adulthood (pgs. 486-517) Music “Rebel Rebel” David Bowie “Teenagers” My Chemical Romance

2. Today’s Agenda From last week: Attachment and Parenting styles 1. Adolescence a) Storm and Stress? b) Moral Development c) Identity Formation 2. Adulthood a) What makes marriages last? b) Midlife: The Best Years 3. Old Age: a) Alzheimer’s Disease b) Predictors of longevity

3. Attachment Process. p. 473 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hsA5Sec6dAI

4. 2. e) Attachment Close emotional relationship between a child and a caregiver Ramifications of severe neglect (e.g. orphaned children) For the assessment of attachment, see: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHU&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHU&feature=related 3 attachment styles: Secure (65%) The other is represented as responsive and reliable and the self as worthy of being protected and responded to Avoidant (20%) Anxious/ Ambivalent (15%) Originates from caregiver responsiveness and child’s temperament (see p. 436) Caregiving styles: warm, responsive vs. cold, rejecting, inconsistent, or misattuned

5. Attachment (cont’d) Ramifications in adulthood: Secure: “I find it relatively easy to get close to others, and am comfortable depending on them.” Avoidant: “I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others; I find it difficult to trust them… I get nervous when anyone gets too close.” Anxious- Ambivalent: “I find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I worry that my partner doesn’t really love me, or won’t stay with me…”

6. Parenting styles 1. Authoritarian: Stress obedience to authority Parent-centered; more controlling and punitive 2. Authoritative: Have high standards for children, but more flexible in their authority More child-centered; use reasoning 3. Indulgent: Parents exercise little control; not as demanding more permissive Let children learn through their own experience 4. Neglectful: Relationship is uninvolved Outcome on child behaviour

7. 1.Adolescence Begins at puberty: Follows 2 years of pubescent growth spurt Puberty: Marked by sexual maturity Girls: menarche, 12.5 yrs (10-15 yrs) Boys: production of live sperm, 14 years (11-16 yrs) Timing of maturation and implications for boys and girls Last roughly from age 13 to 22 Ends when you become independent from parents Emotionally and financially

8. 1.Adolescence (cont’d) 1. Development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics, p. 490

9. 1. Adolescence (cont’d) a) Period of storm and stress? (i) Conflict with parents Issues: Appearance, dating, curfews (ii) Mood disruptions Extreme emotions & higher rates of depressed mood (iii) Risky behaviours: potential for harm to self and/or others. E.g. crime, drug use, risky sexual behaviour Attributable to personality and underdeveloped frontal lobes affecting judgment (brain fully mature by 25-30 years) Canadian campus survey: 68% sexually active 30% never use condom; 30% irregular 30% contract STD; 1 in 7 get pregnant

10. b) Moral development Pre-conventional level: before 9 yrs Self-interest determines what is right and wrong  What is punished (1) or rewarded (2) Conventional level: early adolescence Society (social approval) dictates what is right and wrong  Approval by others (3) or laws (4) Post-conventional level: Affirm agreed upon human rights but also affirm personal ethical guidelines  Recognize fallible laws (5); abstract principles (6) Example by teenager: What’s the stage? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fXkVlZOypI

11. Kohlberg’s Stages p. 487

12. Age and Moral Reasoning, p. 487 Fig. 11.15

13. 1. c) Identity Formation Erikson’s stages, Fig. 11.9, p. 477 Identity Crisis: WHO AM I?? What needs to be resolved: Integrate different roles to form a comfortable sense of self Acquire self-certainty, self-esteem Develop comfortable sexual identity Make plans for future career: Where am I going in life? Differentiate between legitimate and arbitrary authority Make an ideological commitment (find set of values)

14. c) Identity: 4 Stages (p. 495) Identity Achievement Sense of self and direction, after having considered alternatives Identity Foreclosure Premature adoption of values and roles based on parents or society’s views Identity Moratorium Active struggle for a sense of identity Experiment with different ideologies and careers Identity diffusion Absence of struggle, apathy, cynicism and a lack of direction Emergent Adulthood: 18-25 years, p. 496 Expanded period in which questions around identity can be resolved http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prD3UHDQ-2M http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prD3UHDQ-2M

15. 2. Adulthood Erikson’s stage: Intimacy vs. Isolation a) What makes marriages last? Survey of 350 couples married 15 years: My spouse is my best friend Value commitment/ Want the relationship to succeed Agree on aims and goals & philosophy of life Find spouse interesting Laugh together Agree on how to show affection

16. 2. Adulthood b) Midlife (40-60 years): The best years Erikson: Generativity vs. self-absorbtion Psychic equanimity: Increased well-being Greater sense of control Active and involved Only 7% report a midlife crisis related to aging Feel younger than their age

17. Variety of causes, eg., multiple strokes, tumors, viral infections Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) most prevalent form –age 65-74: 3% of population –age 75-84: 11% –age >85: 35% a) Alzheimer’s Disease Damage to brain and decrease in mental functioning 3. Old Age

18. Progressive loss of memory and one other mental function (language, visual spatial, personality) Cortical atrophy Characteristics of Alzheimer’s: Healthy aged Alzheimer’s disease

19. 3. Old age b) Erikson: Integrity vs. Despair Predictors of longevity: Heredity Exercise: Keep Active! Improves memory! Intelligence / Education Cognitive stimulation helps prevent dementia Not being overweight Eating fruits and vegetables Not smoking Drinking alcohol moderately Good sleep Being married Having at least 2 close friend

20. Until next time…