1. Molecular–cellular mechanisms of adrenal and sex glands hormones action. Eucosanoids: prostoglandins, tromboxans, leucotriens.

2. EPINEPHRINE GLANDS
Two parts:
-cortex
-medulla 2

3. Hormones of medulla - catecholamines
Epinephrine, norepinephrine and DOPA
Nature – derivatives of tyrosine
Excretion is regulated by sympathetic nervous system and brain cortex
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine 3

4. Stress and The Adrenal Glands

5. Functions:
Stress hormones. Contraction of vessels, increase the blood pressure, accelerate pulse. Contraction of uterus muscles. Epinephrine relaxes the muscles of bronchi and intestine.
On carbohydrate metabolism:
-activates the decomposition of glycogen in liver and muscles
-activates glycolysis, PPC, TAC and tissue respiration
On protein metabolism
-accelerate the decomposition of proteins
On lipid metabolism
-activates lipase, mobilization of lipids and their oxidation 5

6. Hormones of cortex - corticosteroids
There are more than 50 corticosteroids
Nature – steroids
Are synthesized from cholesterol
Two groups
-glucocorticoids (protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism)
-mineralocorticoids (mineral metabolism) 6

9. Glucocorticoids Most important: corticosteron, cortison, hydrocortison
Synthesis is regulated by ACTH
Are transported combined with proteins
Half-life time – till 1 hour
In the decomposition17-ketosteroids are formed (excretion with urine). Diagnostic significance – index of the function of cortex of epinephrine glands and testis 9

10. Hypothalamopituitary adrenal (HPA) axis: Negative Feedback
Glucocorticoids,
Catecholamines, etc..
Muscle:
Net loss of amino
Acids (glucose)
Liver:
Deamination of proteins into amino acids, gluconeogenesis (glucose)
Fat Cells:
Free fatty acid mobilization
Heart rate:
Increased
Immune system:
altered
Stress
Circadian
rhythm
Posterior
Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus
Anterior
(-)
CRH
ACTH
Glucocorticoids,
Catecholamines, etc..
Adrenals
Kidney

11. Glucocorticoid Analogues

12. Functions Antiinflammatory, antiallergic, antiimmune Adaptive effect
Maintain the blood pressure
Maintain the volume of extracellular liquid 12

13. Corticosteroids

14. Effect on protein metabolism
Stimulate catabolic processes in connective, lymphoid and muscle tissues
Activate protein synthesis in liver
Stimulate amino transferases
Stimulate the urine biosynthesis 14

15. Effect on the carbohydrate metabolism Effect on the lipid metabolism
Increase the glucose level
Activate gluconeogenesis
Inhibit hexokinase (glycolisis)
Effect on the lipid metabolism
Activate lipolysis
Activate the conversion of FA into carbs 15

16. Mineralocorticoids Functions:
The most important hormone: aldosteron
Excretion is controlled by rhenin-angiothensin system
Functions:
-activate the reabsorption of Na, water and Cl in kidney canaliculi
- Promotes the excretion of К ions via the kidneys, skin and saliva
Aldosteron 16

17. Disorders of the function of epinephrine gland cortex
Insufficiency: Addison disease (bronze disease)
Causes:
-injury of epinephrine gland cortex
-insufficient production of ACTH
Blood pressure decrease, loss of weight, weakness, anorexia.
Hyperpigmentation - bronze skin 17

18. Hyperproduction: Kushing syndrom
Causes: hypeplasia or tumor of epinephrine gland cortex
Obesity, particularly of the trunk and face (“moon face“) with sparing of the limbs; striae (stretches of the skin)
Proximal muscle weakness
Hirsutism (facial male-pattern hair growth)
Insomnia, impotence, amenorrhoea, infertility
Heart diseases, hypertension
Polyuria, hypokalemia hyperglycemia, glucosuria (steroid diabetes)
Kidney bones
Depression, anxiety
Hyperpigmentation 18

19. Aldosterone hyperproduction
Causes:
-aldosteroma
Symptoms:
-hypokaliemia
-hypernatriemia
-hyperchloremia
-hypervolemia
-edema, hypertension 19

20. Sex hormones Are synthesized in: -sex glands -placenta
-cortex of epinephrine glands
A little amount of female sex hormones is formed in male organism and vice versa.
Female – estrogens, progesteron.
Male – androgens. 20

22. Androgens Estrogens Progestagens Estradiol testosterone
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS)
androstenedione
dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Estrogens
estradiol
estrone
estriol
Progestagens
progesterone
Estradiol

23. 21,β hydroxylase 11,β hydroxylase Cholesterol ACTH Oestriol
17-α- Hydroxy pregnenolone
Pregnenolone
Dehydro-epi androsterone
Progesterone
17- Hydroxy progesterone
Andro-stenedione
Oestrone
21,β hydroxylase
11-Desoxy-corticosterone
11- Desoxy- cortisol
Corticosterone
11,β hydroxylase
18-Hydroxy- corticosterone
ALDOSTERONE
CORTISOL
TESTOSTERONE
OESTRADIOL

24. Estrogens Nature: steroids
Estradiol – is formed in follicles of ovarium
Estron and estriol – are formed in liver and placenta in the metabolism of estradiol
Estradiol
estriol 24

25. Functions of estrogens Biochemical functions of estrogens
Development of the female reproductive system organs
Ability to fertility in reproductive period
Biochemical functions of estrogens
Anabolic action on the tissues of reproductive organs
Inhibit the exit of Ca from bones (osteoporosis in menopause) 25

26. Progesteron Nature: steroid
Is formed in corpus luteum, placenta and epinephrine glands 26

27. Functions of progesteron
Prepares the endometrium of uterus to implantation of ovum
Inhibits the uterus contraction during pregnancy
Stimulates the growth of mammary glands 27

28. Androgens Testosteron Nature: steroid
Is formed in the interstitial cells of testis
Is excreted as 17-кetosteroids 28

29. Functions of testosterone Biochemical functions of testosterone
Development of the primary sex features
Development of the secondary sex features
Stimulates spermatogenesis
Biochemical functions of testosterone
Strong anabolic action (stimulates the synthesis of NA, proteins, phospholipids) – increases the mass of muscles
Keeps the Ca and P in organism 29

30. Derivatives of androgens – active anabolics30

31. Major Classes of Eicosanoids
Prostaglandins
Thromboxanes
Prostacyclins
Leukotrienes

32. Precursors of Eicosanoids
Arachidonic acid (ω6)
Eicosatrienoic acid (g-linolenic acid, ω6)
Eicosapentaenoic Acid (ω3)

35. Prostaglandins – Structural Features

37. CYCLO-OXYGENASE PATHWAY PG and TX synthesis
PGF2a
PGE 9-keto reductase
2GSH
2GSSG
PGI2
PGI synthase
TXA2
TXA synthase

38. Lipoxygenase pathway

39. Mechanism of Aspirin Action