1. Brain injuries

2. Concussion Slight brain injury Slight brain injury NO permanent damage NO permanent damage Symptoms: Symptoms: Dizziness Dizziness “seeing stars” “seeing stars” Brief loss of consciousness Brief loss of consciousness

3. Sports related concussions 300,000 per year 300,000 per year

4. Preventing further damage Currently trainers use a crude memory test to determine if players should go back into the game. Currently trainers use a crude memory test to determine if players should go back into the game. Current Research: Current Research: Handheld device takes EEG from magnetic strip placed on forehead Handheld device takes EEG from magnetic strip placed on forehead Riddell Sports Group developed concussion sensing helmet Riddell Sports Group developed concussion sensing helmet $1000/helmet $1000/helmet Concussion Helmets

5. Cerebral contusion Caused by a powerful blow to the head Caused by a powerful blow to the head Marked tissue damage due to the soft tissue of the brain slamming against the rigid bone. Marked tissue damage due to the soft tissue of the brain slamming against the rigid bone. “bruising of the brain” “bruising of the brain” Can lead to: Can lead to: Hemorrhage Hemorrhage Cerebral edema Cerebral edema coma coma

6. GlasGow Coma Scale 3-8 = coma

7. Strokes (cva) CerebroVascular Accident CerebroVascular Accident 3 rd leading cause of death in the US 3 rd leading cause of death in the US Vital brain tissue dies due to lack of blood supply Vital brain tissue dies due to lack of blood supply After a stroke, physicians can usually determine the area of stroke by the patients symptoms After a stroke, physicians can usually determine the area of stroke by the patients symptoms What's it like to have a stroke? What's it like to have a stroke? What's it like to have a stroke? What's it like to have a stroke?

8. Stroke Inability to speak Inability to speak Damage to left cerebral hemisphere (Broca’s area for language) Aphasia It is possible that neurons can spread into that area and take over some lost function It is possible that neurons can spread into that area and take over some lost function phenomenon

9. Alzheimer’s disease Degenerative disease of the brain resulting in dementia Degenerative disease of the brain resulting in dementia 5-15% over 65 develop AD 5-15% over 65 develop AD ½ over 85 die of AD ½ over 85 die of AD Memory loss, language loss, mental deterioration, change in personality Memory loss, language loss, mental deterioration, change in personality

10. Physiology of alzheimer’s Gyri shrink Gyri shrink Brain atrophies Brain atrophies Abnormal protein deposits Abnormal protein deposits Associated to shortage of ACh Associated to shortage of ACh

11. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1YI3pNATCU

12. Parkinson’s disease Caused by degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons that target the basal nuclei Caused by degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons that target the basal nuclei Result is an overactive basal nuclei Result is an overactive basal nuclei Persistant tremors, head rolling, stiff facial expressions Persistant tremors, head rolling, stiff facial expressions Cause unknown Cause unknown

13. treatment L-dopa alleviates symptoms, but is not a cure L-dopa alleviates symptoms, but is not a cure Side effects: Side effects: Severe nausea Severe nausea Dizziness Dizziness Liver damage Liver damage Controversial treatment: stem cells Controversial treatment: stem cells Implant of fetal tissue shows some promise Implant of fetal tissue shows some promise http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o8lsjfjgAA8

14. Huntington’s Disease A progressive, degenerative disease that causes certain nerve cells in your brain to waste away A progressive, degenerative disease that causes certain nerve cells in your brain to waste away Genetic disease leading to the degeneration of the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex Genetic disease leading to the degeneration of the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex Fatal within 15 years Fatal within 15 years Blocking of dopamine effects Blocking of dopamine effects Uncontrolled movements, mental disturbances, loss of mental faculties Uncontrolled movements, mental disturbances, loss of mental faculties

15. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=65xf1olEpQM&feature=related

16. ALS “lou gehrigs’s” disease Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. A progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. Degeneration of motor neurons leading ultimately to muscle atrophy Degeneration of motor neurons leading ultimately to muscle atrophy Fatal within 3-5 years Fatal within 3-5 years

17. als Since ALS attacks only motor neurons, the sense of sight, touch, hearing, taste and smell are not affected. Since ALS attacks only motor neurons, the sense of sight, touch, hearing, taste and smell are not affected. Rilutek Rilutek

18. Cerebral palsy Neuromuscular disability in which voluntary movement is poorly controlled and spastic due to brain damage. Neuromuscular disability in which voluntary movement is poorly controlled and spastic due to brain damage. Largest single cause of physical disability in children Largest single cause of physical disability in children Damage to the cerebrum before (congenital) or after birth. Damage to the cerebrum before (congenital) or after birth. Multiple causes Multiple causes