1. White Blood Cells
WBCs
White Blood cells are also known as Leucocytes as they are colorless due to lack of Haemoglobin.
There are about mm of WBC for 1ml of blood.

2. WBC’s
Five Types
Classified according to the presence or absence of granules and the staining characteristics of their cytoplasm.
Leucocytes appear brightly colored in stained preparations, they have a nuclei and are generally larger in size than RBC’s.

3. Leukocytes 1-Phagocytes
-Granulocytes ( Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils)
-Monocytes
2-Immunocytes
Lymphocytes

5. Formation of WBC’s
Leucocytes are formed in the red marrow of many bones.
They can also be formed in lymphatic tissue.
They live for about days.

6. Granulopoiesis -Common precursor
-Bone marrow
-Common precursor
-Normally, BM storage times the number of granulocytes than peripheral blood
-Stay for 6-10 hrs then move to their tissues to perform their phagocytic functions.

7. Granylopoiesis Many growth factors are involved in:
Maturation of these cells
Proliferation and Differentiation
Function
Interleukin-1 (IL-1),IL-3,IL-6 +
GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor)
eosinophil (IL-5)

9. Growth factors
Infection Causes an Induction of GF productions Increases No. of granulocytes & Monocytes

10. Granulocytes—have large granules in their cytoplasm
Type of WBC’s
Granulocytes—have large granules in their cytoplasm
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

11. Granuloctyes Neutrophils Stain light purple with neutral dyes
Granules are small and numerous—course appearance
Several lobes in nucleus
65% of WBC count
Highly mobile/very active
Diapedesis—Can leave blood vessels and enter tissue space
Phagocytosis (eater), contain several lysosomes (janitor)

12. Agranulocytes Monocytes Largest of WBCs Dark kidney bean shaped nuclei
Highly phagocytic

13. Granulocytes: Neutrophils/Eosinophils/Basophils
Classified according to cell morphology and cytoplasmic staining
Neutrophils: stains with BOTH acid and basic dyes. called ‘PMN’ for lobed nucleus; 50% of circ leukocytes
Eosinophils: stain with ACID dye (Eosin-red); bilobed nucleus 1-3% of leuko’s.
Basophils: stain with BASIC dye (Methylene blue); <1% of
leuko’s

14. Neutrophils
Circulate in peripheral blood 7-10 hr before migrating into tissue; live only a few days
“front line of innate defense”
Attracted by chemotactic factors
Active phagocytes; digestive enzyme held in 1° and 2° granules
Use both O2-dep and O2- indep digestive mech’s
Produce high levels of defensins

15. Neutrophil

16. Granulocytes Eosinophils or Acidophils: Large, numerous granules
Nuclei with two lobes
2-5% of WBC count
Found in lining of respiratory and digestive tracts
Important functions involve protections against infections caused by parasitic worms and involvement in allergic reactions
Secrete anti-inflammatory substances in allergic reactions

17. Eosinophils and Basophils
Eosino’s
Like Neutrophils, function in phagocytosis
function vs. parasitic infections
contents of released granules damages parasitic particals.

18. Basophils Least numerous--.5-1%
Diapedesis—Can leave blood vessels and enter tissue space
Contain histamine,serotonin,heparin— inflammatory chemical

19. Basophils

24. Types of WBC’s Agranulocytes—do not have granules in their cytoplasm
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

25. Monocytes
Large Pbl
Large central oval nucleus with clumped chromatin

27. Monocytes Short time in BM 20-40hrs in circulation
Move to tissues, mature(Macrophages) & DCs ,carry out their main functions.

29. Monocytes & Neutrohpils Functions
1-Chemotaxis
( Cell mobilization and migration)
Phagocyte is attracted to Microbes or Inflammation site
By chemotactic Substance from damaged tissues
By leukocyte adhesion molecules and tissues ligands.

30. Phagocytosis: Dead/ damaged cells of the host or microbes. Recognition
Opsonization
Destruction

32. Killing & Digestion:
O2-dependent
O2-independent
pathways

34. WBC Numbers
Clinics will count the number of WBC’s in a blood sample, this is called differential count.
A decrease in the number of white blood cells is leukopenia
An increase in the number of white blood cells is leukocytosis.

35. Disorders of Neutrophil & Monocyte Function
1-Defects of phagocytic cell function
2-Benign disorders

36. Defects of Phagocytic cell function
-Chemotaxis:
Lazy Leucocyte Syndrome
-Phagocytosis:
lack of opsonization
Hypogammaglobulinaemia
-Killing:
x-linked autosomal recessive chronic granulomatous disease

37. Neutrophil leukocytosis
An increase of Neutrophils count greater than 7.5*109

38. Eosinophilic leucocytosis
Eosinophilia
An increase of blood Es. Above 0.4*109

39. Basophil leucocytosis
Basophilia
An increase of blood Baso. Above 0.1*109(rare).
Cause: Myloprolifretive disorder.

40. Monocytosis
A rise in blood monocytes count above 0.8*109

41. Neutropenia
A Decrease of normal neutrophils count below 2.5*109