1. Cell Cycle

2. Cell Division Functions Reproduction Grow & Develop Renewal & Repair

3. Mitosis Division of somatic cells (body cells) -diploid (2n) diploid (2n) -asexual reproduction

4. Chromatin - DNA and protein complex Chromosome - condensed DNA Sister Chromatids - 2 identical copies of the chromosomes DNA held together by a centromere

5. Stages Interphase G 1 - growth S – replication of chromosomes G 2 - preparation for division http://www.cellsalive.com/cell_cycle.htm

6. Prophase -chromatin condenses to chromosomes (sister chromatids) -nucleoli and nuclear membrane disappear -2 pairs of centrioles move to opposite poles -microtubules extend from centrioles and form asters

7. Metaphase -centromeres of each chromosomes align on the metaphase plate...equator / middle of a cell -spindle fibers attach to the centromeres

8. Anaphase -sister chromatids separate into chromosomes and move to opposite poles….apart

9. Telophase -microtubules continue to elongate the cell -daughter cell nuclei form -nuclear membrane reappears -chromosomes become less tightly coiled....chromatin -division of nucleus complete

10. Cytokinesis -divides cytoplasm....2 separate daughter cells -begins in late anaphase and finishes in telophase http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/m itosis.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_t he_cell_cycle_works.html http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/mito sisisg/nukediv.html

11. Plant Mitosis -no centrioles -form cell plate...derived from vesicles carrying cell wall material

12. Prokaryotic Cell Division -binary fission -bacterial chromosomes are attached to plasma membrane and elongation of cell separates chromosomes. Read Fig 12.11 evolution of mitosis

13. Regulation of Cell Cycle Cell cycle checkpoints – G 1, G 2 and M phases -G 1 – “restriction point” ….ok it will divide....not approved switches to G 0 *specialized nerves and muscles are in the G 0 phase and liver unless injury occurs

14. Regulatory proteins -G 1, G 2 protein kinases -protein kinases activate or inactivate other proteins by Phosphorylating them. *activated kinases are attached to a cyclin protein and called cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks) -MPF “G 2 checkpoint”– maturation promoting factor “M phase promoting factor” triggers movement into M phase http://www.learner.org/courses/biology/archive/ani mations/hires/a_cancer5_h.html

15. http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_windo w.html?pid=2042 http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072437316/ student_view0/chapter11/ animations.html

16. Kinetochore - structure of proteins and specific sections of DNA at the centromere.