1. Connective Tissue Functions-different types of connective tissue:
Form metabolic and structural connections between other tissues… nutrition and support
Forms a protective sheath around organs and helps insulate the body…cushion
Acts as a reserve for energy…storage
Provides the frame that supports the body…support
Composes the medium that transports substances from one region of the body to another…transport
Plays a role in the healing process and in the control of invading microorganisms…repair and defense

2. Connective Tissue Components
1. Extracellular matrix
Extracellular fibers
Ground substance
2. Cells

3. Connective Tissue Components
Ground substance
Medium through which cells exchange nutrients and waste with the bloodstream
Amorphous, homogeneous material
Ranges in texture from a liquid or gel to a calcified solid
Made up of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycoproteins
Serves as an effective obstacle for invading microorganisms

4. Connective Tissue Components
Extracellular fibers
Collagenous fibers
Strong, thick strands of collagen
Organized into bundles of long, parallel fibrils composed of bundled microfibrils
Variable density and arrangement of fibers
Found in tendons and ligaments

5. Connective Tissue Components
Extracellular fibers
Reticular fibers
Thin, delicate, branched networks of collagen
Provide support for highly cellular organs (endocrine glands, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and liver)
Also found around blood vessels, nerves, muscle fibers, and capillaries

6. Connective Tissue Components
Extracellular fibers
Elastic fibers
Branched networks composed primarily of the protein elastin
Composed of coiled bundles of microfibrils
Occur in tissues commonly subjected to stretching (vocal cords, lungs, skin, and walls of blood vessels)

7. Connective Tissue Components
Cell Types
1. Fixed Cells: involved in production and maintenance of the matrix
Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes, reticular cells
FIBROBLAST

8. Fibroblasts A fibroblast is a cell actively producing
collagen fibers and
matrix meterial.
They are protein
secreting cells.
In intermuscular CT-
Forms scar tissue in
the muscle where
there is injury.
Scar tissue- collagen fibers…fibrosis
Wound repair
Characteristics:
Thin and flattened
“arms” to rest on matrix structure-lie on top
Not a lot of cytoplasm so they look like spindle shaped nuclei lying along the fibers.

9. 2. Transient/ Wandering Cells: involved in the repair and protection of tissues
Leukocytes, mast cells, macrophages
Move in and out of connective tissue - Go where needed as needed
Leukocytes-”wander” into the bloodstream from connective tissue
Mast cells-histamine and heparin…tend to be near blood vessels
Macrophages-inflammation
Resident macrophages in the lymphatic organs, lungs, liver, spleen, lamina propria of digestive tract

10. Homework: due tomorrow
1.Tell me what connective tissue is- What is it made of: Describe in depth 2.Tell me what ground substance is: What is it made of: What function does it serve. 3.Tell me what three major types of fibers run through connective tissue- Describe each type of fiber and it’s function (what is each’s purpose) 4.Tell me about fixed cells and wandering cells What is the purpose of fixed cells and give me one example of a fixed cell. What is this cells function. What is the purpose of wandering cells. How do they “wander” . Give me one example of a wandering cell and describe it’s function.

11. Types of Connective Tissue

12. Types of Connective Tissue
Blood Lymphatic Plasma
Bone
Cartilage
CT Proper
Loose CT
Dense CT
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
Dense regular
Dense irregular
Elastic

13. Connective Tissue Proper
Loose connective tissue
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
Dense connective tissue
Dense regular
Dense irregular
Elastic

14. Areolar Connective Tissue
Loose connective tissue
Fibers and cells suspended in a thick, translucent ground substance
More cells vs not a lot of fibers
Predominant cell is the fibroblast (flat)
Manufactures the elastic, reticular, and collagenous fibers
Surrounds every organ; forms the SQ layer that connects skin to muscle; envelopes blood vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes; present in all mucous membranes

15. Areolar connective tissue (loose):

16. Areolar Connective Tissue
Description Loose array of fibers Includes all three types of fibers Many cells
Location
Under epithelial basement membranes
Between glands muscles nerves
Surrounding capillaries
Surrounding organs
Under skin
Function
Provides nutrients
to tissues
Supports
“packing material”

17. Adipose Connective Tissue
Areolar tissue in which adipocytes predominate
Loose connective tissue with little to no matrix/ very cellular
Two types- white adipose/ brown
The cells are filled with lipids
-differences

18. White vs Brown adipose
Amount of lipid fluctuates, cell # stays the same
Nuclei get “pushed” to side
Food animals (and other animals) store pesticides and drugs in the adipose…withdrawl mandated by law for food animals
Very vascular
Lots of mitochondria
Brown color
Thermogenic-generates heat
Rodents that hibernate

19. Adipose Connective tissue (loose):

20. Adipose Connective Tissue
Location
Beneath the skin
Spaces between muscles
Behind eyeballs
Surface of the heart
Around the kidneys and heart
Surrounding joints
In bone marrow
In the omentum of the abdomen
Around the colon
Description
Very little extracellular material
Adipocytes filled with lipids
Nuclei and organelles are pushed to side
“Chicken wire” appearance
Function
Protects organs and other tissues
Thermoinsulator
Energy storage

21. Reticular Connective Tissue
Loose connective tissue
Network of thin reticular fibers…structural support not
strength
Contains loosely arranged fibers and many fibroblasts suspended in a supportive ground substance
Forms the stroma (framework) (spleen, lymphatic organs)

22. Reticular Connective Tissue (loose):

23. Reticular Connective Tissue
Description Loosely arranged fibers Reticular fibers only fibroblasts
Location Spleen Lymph nodes Bone marrow liver
Function
Provides framework (stroma)

24. Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Composed of tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers
Relatively avascular
Makes up the tendons and ligaments
Can be found in fascial sheets that cover muscles
Cells are in the spaces

25. Dense Regular Connective Tissue:

26. Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Description Parallel colagen fibers Compact Dense Avascular Difficult to heal Silvery-white in color
Location
Tendons
Ligaments
Fascial sheets that covers muscle
Function
Stretch
Strong/resistant in direction of fibers

27. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Composed primarily of collagen fibers arranged in thick bundles
Fibers are interwoven (different random directions to form a single sheet
Found in the dermis of the skin and in the fibrous coverings of many organs
Forms the tough capsule of joints
Blood vessels throughout to provide
nutrients

28. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue:

29. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Location
Dermis of the skin
Organ capsules
Submucosa digestive tract
Description Sheets of collagen Run in different/random directions Alternating directions
Function
Withstands pulling forces in all directions

30. Elastic Connective Tissue
Primarily composed of elastic fibers “springy” recoils
Fibers may be arranged parallel or in interwoven patterns with fibroblasts and collagenous fibers interspersed
Found in spaces between vertebrae and in areas of the body that require stretching (walls of arteries, stomach, bronchi, bladder, etc.)
Also supraspinous ligament in horses for lowering of head for grazing

32. Elastic Connective Tissue
Description Composed of (primarily) elastic fibers Yellow elastic fibers Parallel or interwoven pattern
Location
Supraspinous ligament (horse)
Spaces between vetebrae
Walls of arteries, stomach, bronchi, bladder, regions of the heart
Function
Stretching

33. Specialized Connective Tissues
Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Bone
Blood

34. Cartilage (in general)
Found in joints and in the ear, nose, and vocal cords
Forms a framework on which bone is formed
No innervation; avascular
Cells:
Chondrocytes: live in hollowed-out pockets in the matrix called lacunae
Matrix:
Ground substance: gel of chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and chondronectin
Collagen fibers are most commonly found in the matrix, but elastic fibers are also present in varying amounts.
Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilidge

35. Hyaline Cartilage Most common type of cartilage found in the body
Composed of closely packed collagen
Found in joints at the ends of long bones, growth plates of long bones, tracheal rings, and connections of the ribs to the sternum
Composes most of the embryonic skeleton

36. Perichondrium a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage of developing bone
can be found around the perimeter of elastic cartilage and hyaline cartilage

37. Hyaline Cartilidge Connective Tissue
Description
Closely packed collagen fibers
Cartilidge cells (chondrocytes) sit in spaces (lacunae) within matirix
Perichondrium visible
Visibly - ground glass appearance
Location Articular cartilage Costal cartilidge (ribs) Nose Trachea Larynx Embryonic skeleton
Function
Structure, with some flexibility
Cushioning

38. Elastic Cartilage Contains elastic fibers in dense branching bundles
Flexible: can withstand repeated bending
Found in the epiglottis of the larynx and in pinnae of ears of animals

39. Description:
Elastic fibers in matrix
Chrodcytes in lacunae
Location:
Pinnae
Epiglottis
Function:
Structure/ flexible

40. Fibrocartilage
Usually found merged with hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue
Contains thick bundles of collagen fibers with fewer chondrocytes than hyaline cartilage
Lacks a perichondrium
Found in spaces between vertebrae of the spine, between bones in the pelvic girdle, and in the knee joint

41. Fibrocartilidge Connective Tissue

42. Fibrocartilidge Connective Tissue
Description Lots of collagen fibers Thick bundles of fibers Matrix is less firm
Location
Between vertebrae
Pubic symphasis
Stifle
Function
Withstands compressive forces

43. Bone- Osseus Connective Tissue
Matrix is a combination of organic collagen fibers and inorganic calcium salts
Well vascularized
Haversian canal contains both a vascular and a nerve supply
Canaliculi: channels within the matrix support passage of blood vessels into deeper portions of tissue

44. Bone Osteoblasts: manufacture the fibers that are part of the matrix
Lacunae and canaliculi are created as the osteoblasts manufacture the bony matrix.
Osteocytes reside in lacunae.
Osteoclasts-taking away not needed
bone

48. Blood Matrix: Ground substance: plasma fibrous component: protein
Cells
Erythrocytes – red blood cells
Leukocytes – white blood cells
Thrombocytes - platelets

50. Serous Membranes Serous membranes (serosae)
Line walls and cover organs of body cavities (e.g., thorax and abdominopelvic cavities)
Consist of a continuous sheet doubled over on itself to form two layers
The portion of the membrane that lines the cavity wall is called the parietal layer.
The portion of the membrane that covers the outer surface of organs is called the visceral layer.
Pericardium
Pleura
peritoneum
Fix type size

51. Mucous Membranes Mucous membranes (mucosae)
Line organs with connections to the outside environment (mouth, intestines, nasal passages, etc.)
Usually composed of either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium covering a layer of loose connective tissue
Submucosa : connective tissue layer that connects the mucosa to underlying structures
Have this slide follow slide 80

52. Mucous Membranes Mucous membranes (mucosae)
May contain goblet cells or multicellular glands
Can produce large quantities of mucus
Mucus consists primarily of water, electrolytes, and the protein mucin
Some mucosae also can absorb (e.g., the epithelial layer in the intestine)

53. Diagnosing by mucous membrane clues:
Are they Dry or Moist?
Dehydration = dry, “tacky”
What Color?
Yellow = elevated bilirubin
icterus (condition), juandice (appearance)
can be caused by liver failure, hemolytic anemia
Blue = lack of oxygen (obstruction, pneumonia - airways)
hypoxia
Bright Red = increased blood flow (allergic reaction, fever)
hyperemia
White/ Pale = anemia, shock, hypotermia
Capillary Refill Time- the time it takes for blood to return to the capillaries
>2 sec – low blood pressure, compromised cardiac output
< 1 sec – high blood pressure, hypercompensated state

60. Cutaneous Membrane Also called integument (or, more simply, skin)
Composed of an outer keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, or epidermis
Epidermis is attached to an underlying layer of dense irregular connective tissue called the dermis.
Dermis contains collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers which enable skin to be both strong and elastic

61. Synovial Membranes Line the cavities of joints
Composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue covered by a layer of collagen fibers and fibroblasts
Manufacture the synovial fluid that fills the joint spaces

62. Muscle Tissue Composed of specialized proteins actin and myosin fibers
Three types of muscle tissue
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

63. Skeletal Muscle
Large cells (foot long or more!)that contain hundreds of nuclei and mitochondria
Usually controlled through conscious efforts (voluntary muscle)
Skeletal muscle cells are striated.
Skeletal muscle cells are bundles of fibers held together by loose connective tissue.
The collagen fibers that surround the cells merge with the collagen fibers in tendons.
Stimulation to contract made by nerve fibers
Voluntary Striated Muscle

65. Smooth Muscle
Composed of small, spindle-shaped cells that lack striations
Muscle contractions cannot be consciously controlled (nonstriated involuntary muscle)
Found in the walls of hollow organs, in exocrine glands, and along the respiratory tract
Responsible for peristalsis in gastrointestinal tract, constriction of blood vessels, and emptying of urinary bladder
Fix type size after adding figure from 91.

67. Cardiac Muscle Found only in the heart
Contains specialized pacemaker cells that supply signal for heart to contract at regular intervals
Entirely involuntary and striated
Cardiac muscle cells connected to one another via intercalated disks

69. Nervous Tissue Found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
Composed of two general cell types:
Neurons
Supporting neuroglial cells

70. Nervous Tissue Longest cells in the body; three primary parts:
Neurons
Longest cells in the body; three primary parts:
Perikaryon – the cell body; contains the nucleus
Dendrites – short cytoplasmic extensions; receives impulses
Axons – long, single extension; conducts impulses away from the cell body
Neuroglial cells
Support the neurons
Fix type size