1. Morphology Unit 1 Microbes, Protists, and Fungi Unit 1 Microbes, Protists, and Fungi

2. Ch 23 Bacteria  Prokaryotes - single cell organisms without a membrane bound nucleus and organelles.  All bacteria are prokaryotic and are the earliest known group of living organisms.  There are 2 branches of bacteria  Eubacteria - What we think of when we hear the word bacteria  Archaebacteria - (archaea) bacteria that lives in extreme conditions.  Prokaryotes - single cell organisms without a membrane bound nucleus and organelles.  All bacteria are prokaryotic and are the earliest known group of living organisms.  There are 2 branches of bacteria  Eubacteria - What we think of when we hear the word bacteria  Archaebacteria - (archaea) bacteria that lives in extreme conditions.

3. Archaea  Structure  Cells walls do not contain peptidoglycan (a protein carbohydrate compound that makes up most cell walls).  Have different amino acids and lipids than other bacteria.  Structure  Cells walls do not contain peptidoglycan (a protein carbohydrate compound that makes up most cell walls).  Have different amino acids and lipids than other bacteria.

4. Archaea  3 major archaeal groups -  Methanogens - convert hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide into methane. Oxygen is poisonous to them, so they live in anaerobic (oxygen free) environments  Swamps, bottom of water, cow intestines  Halophiles - salt loving archaea  Great salt lake, dead sea  Thermoachidophiles - acidic environments with high temperatures  Hot springs, ocean floor vents  3 major archaeal groups -  Methanogens - convert hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide into methane. Oxygen is poisonous to them, so they live in anaerobic (oxygen free) environments  Swamps, bottom of water, cow intestines  Halophiles - salt loving archaea  Great salt lake, dead sea  Thermoachidophiles - acidic environments with high temperatures  Hot springs, ocean floor vents

5. Bacteria  Structure  Three basic shapes  Rod shaped - bacilli  Sphere shaped - cocci, in chains - streptococci (strept throat), clusters - staphylococci (staph infection)  Spiral shaped - spirilla  Structure  Three basic shapes  Rod shaped - bacilli  Sphere shaped - cocci, in chains - streptococci (strept throat), clusters - staphylococci (staph infection)  Spiral shaped - spirilla

6. Bacteria  Types  Proteobacteria - Nitrogen Fixing bacteria  Gram-positive - use to make antibiotics and other medicines, can kill people, makes milk sour.  Cyanobacterias - use photosynthesis, give off oxygen, offer food to freshwater ecosystems  Spirochetes - Gram negative, spiral shaped, causes diseases  Chlamidia - Gram negative coccid pathogen, depend and live on animal cell for survival.  Types  Proteobacteria - Nitrogen Fixing bacteria  Gram-positive - use to make antibiotics and other medicines, can kill people, makes milk sour.  Cyanobacterias - use photosynthesis, give off oxygen, offer food to freshwater ecosystems  Spirochetes - Gram negative, spiral shaped, causes diseases  Chlamidia - Gram negative coccid pathogen, depend and live on animal cell for survival.

7. Bacteria Structure and Function  Cell wall - for shape and protection  Cell membrane - lipid bilayers (selectively permeable), many metabolic functions occur here  NO membrane bound organelles  DNA - single closed loop attached to one point in the cell membrane  Has plasmids - small circular self replicating DNA loops  Endospore - thick coated resistant structure contains DNA to help survival  Capsules - polysaccharides (sugars) to bind to cell wall and protect against chemicals and drying out  Pili - hair-like proteins on surface to help to connect to other objects  Move by: flagella, slime or corkscrew rotations  Cell wall - for shape and protection  Cell membrane - lipid bilayers (selectively permeable), many metabolic functions occur here  NO membrane bound organelles  DNA - single closed loop attached to one point in the cell membrane  Has plasmids - small circular self replicating DNA loops  Endospore - thick coated resistant structure contains DNA to help survival  Capsules - polysaccharides (sugars) to bind to cell wall and protect against chemicals and drying out  Pili - hair-like proteins on surface to help to connect to other objects  Move by: flagella, slime or corkscrew rotations

8. Bacteria cont.  Bacteria gets its food

9. Ch 24 Viruses  Virus - a nonliving particle made up of a nucleic acid and protein/lipid-protein coat.  Causes many disease in living organisms  Useful tools for genetic research which started in the late 1800s  Appeared after living cells.  Virus - a nonliving particle made up of a nucleic acid and protein/lipid-protein coat.  Causes many disease in living organisms  Useful tools for genetic research which started in the late 1800s  Appeared after living cells.

10. Viral Characteristics  Lack all organelles and a cytoplasm  Cannot carry out cellular functions (metabolism and homeostasis)  Do not grow by dividing  Cannot reproduce outside of host cell (do have DNA or RNA)  Use host cell’s ribosomes, ATP and enzymes to reproduce  Usually contains a protein coat and a nucleic acid core.  Lack all organelles and a cytoplasm  Cannot carry out cellular functions (metabolism and homeostasis)  Do not grow by dividing  Cannot reproduce outside of host cell (do have DNA or RNA)  Use host cell’s ribosomes, ATP and enzymes to reproduce  Usually contains a protein coat and a nucleic acid core.

11. Viral Structure/Size  Some of the smallest particles able to cause diseases  Capsid: (protein coat) is the only covering of most viruses, acts as protection  Helix - rabies, measles  Icosahedrons - 20 triangular faces and 12 corners (adenovirus)  Spherical - influenza virus  Envelope: bilipid membrane that surrounds the capsid (AIDS, chicken pox, HIV)  Some of the smallest particles able to cause diseases  Capsid: (protein coat) is the only covering of most viruses, acts as protection  Helix - rabies, measles  Icosahedrons - 20 triangular faces and 12 corners (adenovirus)  Spherical - influenza virus  Envelope: bilipid membrane that surrounds the capsid (AIDS, chicken pox, HIV)

12. Classification and Replication  Viruses are classified by  DNA or RNA  single stranded or double stranded DNA/RNA  linear or circular DNA/RNA  Membrane bound envelop or not.  Replication  Spread by air, water, food, or body fluids  Lifeless with no control over its movement without a host  Envelopes act as lock and key with hosts  Attaches and then takes over cell  Provirus - insertion of viral DNA to create viral proteins  Insertion of viral RNA infects cells RNA (retroviruses)  Bacteriophages - viruses that infect bacteria  Viruses are classified by  DNA or RNA  single stranded or double stranded DNA/RNA  linear or circular DNA/RNA  Membrane bound envelop or not.  Replication  Spread by air, water, food, or body fluids  Lifeless with no control over its movement without a host  Envelopes act as lock and key with hosts  Attaches and then takes over cell  Provirus - insertion of viral DNA to create viral proteins  Insertion of viral RNA infects cells RNA (retroviruses)  Bacteriophages - viruses that infect bacteria

13. Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles  Lytic Cycle - a virus invades a host cell, produces new viruses and ruptures the host cell when releasing newly formed viruses.  Lysogenic cycle - an infection that allows viruses to hide in their host for days, months or years.  Viruses that only reproduce by the lysogenic cycle are called Temperate viruses.  Lytic Cycle - a virus invades a host cell, produces new viruses and ruptures the host cell when releasing newly formed viruses.  Lysogenic cycle - an infection that allows viruses to hide in their host for days, months or years.  Viruses that only reproduce by the lysogenic cycle are called Temperate viruses.

15. Viroids and Prions  Viroids - smallest known particle able to replicate, infect plants, and do not have a capsid. Only contains RNA  Prions - infectious protein particles that don’t have a genome, convert normal brain proteins into prion particles. (only contains a protein.)  Causes a number of degenerative brain diseases  Creutzfeldt-Jakob, mad cow disease  Viroids - smallest known particle able to replicate, infect plants, and do not have a capsid. Only contains RNA  Prions - infectious protein particles that don’t have a genome, convert normal brain proteins into prion particles. (only contains a protein.)  Causes a number of degenerative brain diseases  Creutzfeldt-Jakob, mad cow disease

16. Ch 25 Protista  Protists – single celled or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that generally do not fit in any other kingdom.  Some of the oldest eukaryotic cells are protists.  Protists – single celled or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that generally do not fit in any other kingdom.  Some of the oldest eukaryotic cells are protists.

17. Protist Characteristics  Unicellular or multicellular  Most protists are unicellular (amoeba) with few being multicellular (brown algae).  Nutrition  Most protists are autotrophs (can make their own food) the same way plants are, but some are heterotrophs (eating other organisms or their byproducts and remains).  Motility/Movement  Flagella dinoflagellates use flagella), cilia, pseudopodia, extending structures 9amoebas use to move.  Unicellular or multicellular  Most protists are unicellular (amoeba) with few being multicellular (brown algae).  Nutrition  Most protists are autotrophs (can make their own food) the same way plants are, but some are heterotrophs (eating other organisms or their byproducts and remains).  Motility/Movement  Flagella dinoflagellates use flagella), cilia, pseudopodia, extending structures 9amoebas use to move.

18. Reproduction  Most reproduce asexually  Binary fission –a single cell divides into two  Multiple fission – produces more than two offspring  Some reproduce sexually  Conjugation – two individuals join and exchange genetic material stored in a small second nucleus.  Most reproduce asexually  Binary fission –a single cell divides into two  Multiple fission – produces more than two offspring  Some reproduce sexually  Conjugation – two individuals join and exchange genetic material stored in a small second nucleus.

19. Animal-like Protists  Animal like protists are sometimes called protzoa the move about capturing and consuming prey.  Pseodopodia – a large, rounded cytoplasmic extension that function both in movement and feeding.  Hundreds of species in freshwater, marine environments, soil, and inside humans.  Animal like protists are sometimes called protzoa the move about capturing and consuming prey.  Pseodopodia – a large, rounded cytoplasmic extension that function both in movement and feeding.  Hundreds of species in freshwater, marine environments, soil, and inside humans.

20. Animal-like Protists cont.  Others are called Paramecium, found in ponds and streams feeding on decaying organic matter, bacteria, algae, and other small organisms.  Mouth pore –sucks in food into the gullet (stomache)  Undigested material exits through the anal pore, excess water gets released from the contactile vacuoles.  Macronucleus contains the DNA  Micronucleus participates in the exchange of genetic material during conjugatoin.  Others are called Paramecium, found in ponds and streams feeding on decaying organic matter, bacteria, algae, and other small organisms.  Mouth pore –sucks in food into the gullet (stomache)  Undigested material exits through the anal pore, excess water gets released from the contactile vacuoles.  Macronucleus contains the DNA  Micronucleus participates in the exchange of genetic material during conjugatoin.

21. Plantlike Protists  Many plantlike protists are called algae and are autotrophic.  Reproduction-have single-celled gamete chambers (gametangia) instead of multicellular.  Have chlorophyll and undergo photosynthesis  Unicellular aglae- one single cell that are free- living aquatic organisms (phytoplankton)  Colonial Algae – groups of cells working in a coordinated manner. Some cells become specialized.  Filamentous algae – Multicellular, slender, rod- shaped with celled joined end to end.  Multicellular algae (kelp and seaweeds)- unusually large and complex, look most like plants.  Many plantlike protists are called algae and are autotrophic.  Reproduction-have single-celled gamete chambers (gametangia) instead of multicellular.  Have chlorophyll and undergo photosynthesis  Unicellular aglae- one single cell that are free- living aquatic organisms (phytoplankton)  Colonial Algae – groups of cells working in a coordinated manner. Some cells become specialized.  Filamentous algae – Multicellular, slender, rod- shaped with celled joined end to end.  Multicellular algae (kelp and seaweeds)- unusually large and complex, look most like plants.

23. Algae  The most well known plantlike protist  Algae are autotrophic protists. (make their own food)  Can be found in salt water  Can be found in fresh water.  Can have specialized structures for reproduction, movement and anchoring itself.  The most well known plantlike protist  Algae are autotrophic protists. (make their own food)  Can be found in salt water  Can be found in fresh water.  Can have specialized structures for reproduction, movement and anchoring itself.

24. Plantlike Protists cont.  Other organelles that help perform life’s functions:  Cell walls made of cellulose  shells  Chlorophyll and other Pigments to help with photosynthesis  Some have high resistant cysts allowing them to live in extreme environments  Some are plantlike and animal like  Euglena - have chlorophyll but no cell wall, have a vacuole, have a cell membrane. In light they have chloroplasts (autotrophic) but in the dark they don’t and are heterotrophic.  Other organelles that help perform life’s functions:  Cell walls made of cellulose  shells  Chlorophyll and other Pigments to help with photosynthesis  Some have high resistant cysts allowing them to live in extreme environments  Some are plantlike and animal like  Euglena - have chlorophyll but no cell wall, have a vacuole, have a cell membrane. In light they have chloroplasts (autotrophic) but in the dark they don’t and are heterotrophic.

25. Fungus-like Protists  Slime molds  Is a mass of cytoplasm that oozes around obstacles.  Move as independent organisms (move like amoebas)  The feeding stage of slime molds have multiple nuclei and is known as a multinucleate.  Some look like slugs and leave slime behind them.  Water molds  Parasitic  Undergo sexual reproduction as well as asexually reproduction  Cell walls  Similar enzymes and biological pathways  Slime molds  Is a mass of cytoplasm that oozes around obstacles.  Move as independent organisms (move like amoebas)  The feeding stage of slime molds have multiple nuclei and is known as a multinucleate.  Some look like slugs and leave slime behind them.  Water molds  Parasitic  Undergo sexual reproduction as well as asexually reproduction  Cell walls  Similar enzymes and biological pathways

26. Examples of Protists Kelp Seaweed amoeba Kelp forest

27. Ch. 26 Fungi  Fungi - eukaryotic, nonphotosynthetic organisms. Most are multicellular and heterotrophs.  Main types  Molds - can grow on bread and are tangled masses of filaments of cells (known as Zygomycota)  Yeasts -unicellular fungi whose colonies resemble bacteria (make bread rise)  Important in industry  Used to make bread (yeast), produce antibiotics (molds), to manufacture gasohol.  Fungi - eukaryotic, nonphotosynthetic organisms. Most are multicellular and heterotrophs.  Main types  Molds - can grow on bread and are tangled masses of filaments of cells (known as Zygomycota)  Yeasts -unicellular fungi whose colonies resemble bacteria (make bread rise)  Important in industry  Used to make bread (yeast), produce antibiotics (molds), to manufacture gasohol.

28. Fungi Obtaining Nutrients  Fungi get their nutrients by absorbing organic molecules (usually from dead organisms) from their environment through their cells walls. (outside to inside)  They store nutrients in the form of glycogen.  Known as the recyclers of organic material in nature.  Fungi get their nutrients by absorbing organic molecules (usually from dead organisms) from their environment through their cells walls. (outside to inside)  They store nutrients in the form of glycogen.  Known as the recyclers of organic material in nature.

29. Structure of Fungi  Hyphae –individual filaments of fungi that make up a mycelium.  Cell walls that contain chitin (same thing that makes up exoskeleton of insects).  Most fungi have the ability to exist in two different forms. (dimorphism)  They do not have chloroplasts  The do not produce their own food (heterotrophic).  Hyphae –individual filaments of fungi that make up a mycelium.  Cell walls that contain chitin (same thing that makes up exoskeleton of insects).  Most fungi have the ability to exist in two different forms. (dimorphism)  They do not have chloroplasts  The do not produce their own food (heterotrophic).

30. Fungi Reproduction  Asexual – reproduce thousands of genetically identical haploid cells.  Can reproduce with protective sacs (sporangiophores) This is where the spores form. (plural = sporangia)  Can reproduce from spores without sacs (conidia).  Can also reproduce by hypha drying and shattering to spread and release spores (fragmentation)  Budding- part of a yeast cell pinches itself off to produce a small offspring cell  Asexual – reproduce thousands of genetically identical haploid cells.  Can reproduce with protective sacs (sporangiophores) This is where the spores form. (plural = sporangia)  Can reproduce from spores without sacs (conidia).  Can also reproduce by hypha drying and shattering to spread and release spores (fragmentation)  Budding- part of a yeast cell pinches itself off to produce a small offspring cell

31. Fungi Reproduction cont.  Sexual reproduction  Many fungi can reproduce both asexually and sexual.  Sexually- when two different mating types of the same breed come in contact fungi will reproduce sexually for genetic variation, and increased survival ability.  Being able to reproduce both ways is extremely advantageous. Whatever the environment conditions are, the fungi can reproduce.  Sexual reproduction  Many fungi can reproduce both asexually and sexual.  Sexually- when two different mating types of the same breed come in contact fungi will reproduce sexually for genetic variation, and increased survival ability.  Being able to reproduce both ways is extremely advantageous. Whatever the environment conditions are, the fungi can reproduce.

32. Fungi Evolution  Fungi were first thought to be unicellular and clung together after mitosis.  Scientists believe Fungi evolved from prokaryotes.  Fungi are probably as old as plants. 640mya.  Fungi were first thought to be unicellular and clung together after mitosis.  Scientists believe Fungi evolved from prokaryotes.  Fungi are probably as old as plants. 640mya.

33. Examples of Fungi MoldsYeasts