1. Study on the Impact of Combined Magnetic and Electric Field Analysis and of Ocean Circulation Effects on Swarm Mission Performance by S. Vennerstrom, E. Friis-Christensen, H. Lühr T. Moretto, N. Olsen, C. Manoj, P. Ritter, L. Rastätter, A. Kuvshinov, S. Maus

2. Study Organization Ocean circulation study External field study Task 1: Forward modelingDSRI and GFZ DSRI in cooperation with the Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC) Task 2: Inversion based on the Swarm constellation GFZ

3. Sources to the near Earth magnetic field Internal magnetic field ~ 98% External magnetic field < 2% –Current systems in the ionosphere and magnetosphere, generated in the interaction with the sun and the solar wind. Highly time-variable!

4. External Field Study - Research Objectives To what extent can the Swarm constellation be used to determine the external electric currents, and thereby to recover the external magnetic signal ? (i.e. separate this from the internal contributions). Can the combined magnetic and electric field measurements be utilized in this effort?

5. Presentation overview Forward modeling –Presentation of the model used –Development of algorithm for magnetic field computation –Simulation results Inversion –Field-aligned currents –Ionospheric currents –Activity indices based on the satellite data. Suggestions for further studies

6. Currents systems generated in the interaction with the solar wind

7. UCLA Geospace General Circulation Model (GGCM) Global MHD simulation of the magnetosphere combined with an ionospheric model for FAC closure Developed at UCLA, Raeder et al., 1998

8. The ionospheric model Two-dimensional spherical shell at 90 km’s altitude: Conductivity determined by -solar UV (through F10.7) -electronprecipitation (through magne- tospheric T and N, and FAC)

9. The 3D-current density distribution The outer magnetosphere:The inner magnetosphere: The ionosphere:

10. Algorithms for magnetic field computation Poloidal/toroidal decomposition –Works on any distribution of J, provided that divJ=0 –Very fast, computes B at the whole grid in a few minutes Direct Biot-Savart Integration –Works on any distribution of J, including separat parts of the distribution –Present implementation very slow, computes B at the grid at swarm altitudes in 6 hours Used for data-processing Used for testing and estimating relative size of individual contributions

11. Test of magnetic field computation Comparing results of the two methods

12. Selection of solar wind input

13. Three Selected Model Runs 1.IMF Bz changes slowly from 5nT – -5nT All other parameters kept constant. IMF By = 0, Dipole tilt angle = 0 (equinox) 2.Identical to 1. except for the tilt angle Dipole tilt angle = -26° (summer/winter) 3.Real event IMF Bz and By varies roughly between 5 and –5 nT, Dipole tilt angle -16 ° Kp varies between 0 and 3-

15. The main contribution Ionospheric and field-aligned currents in the polar ionosphere CCMC run 1

16. Estimated magnetic field at swarm altitudes in the polar region, CCMC run 1

17. Estimated electric and magnetic fields compared

18. Input solar wind – real event

19. Real event – Comparison with observations Northern hemisphere

20. Real event – Comparison with observations Southern hemisphere Ionospheric Conductivity

21. Summary of the forward modelling We have developed and implemented an algorithm for fast computation of the magnetic field due to a general distribution of current density on a spherical grid. We have performed three runs of a state-of-the-art model of solar wind interaction processes and calculated on this basis the 3-D distributions of current, and magnetic and electric field. We have compared the simulation results with observations with good results. Due to the highly variable ionospheric conductivity there is no 1-1 correspondance between electric and magnetic field, however quiet intervals can be distinguished by the global pattern (in the polar region) of both fields.

22. Presentation overview Forward modeling –Presentation of the model used –Development of algorithm for magnetic field computation –Simulation results Inversion –Field-aligned currents –Ionospheric currents –Activity indices based on the satellite data. Suggestions for further studies

23. Determination of field-aligned current density j along track, using two satellites Single-satellite approach:

24. Simulated and recovered field-aligned currents compared One satelliteTwo satellites

25. One satellite Two satellites

26. One satellite Two satellites

28. No E-field informationE-field ”measurement” included

30. New auroral region index for improved data selection 1.Local determination of field-aligned current density (correlated with residuals in field intensity  F) 2.Along track integration of field-aligned current density, weighted by the cosine to the angle between the track and the electric field. (Proxy for the Pedersen current along track). Two attemps:

31. Magnetic perturbation from a field-aligned current filament assuming homogeneous conductivity

33. Orbit by orbit correlation between peak values of j par and  F For quiet conditions…..and including more activity

34. Test of the concept against CHAMP-data

35. Comparison with CHAMP data Simulated data: Equinox CHAMP data: Winter conditions

36. Summary of Task 2, inversion. It has been demonstrated that the Swarm constellation provides for the first time an excellent opportunity for deriving field-aligned currents uniquely. FAC are important for the Science Objectives: Magnetospheric and ionospheric current systems and Upper atmospheric dynamics. Tools have been developed (but not completed to full satisfaction) to estimate the along track ionospheric currents, including the position and intensity of the auroral electrojets. This information is needed in high-resolution lithospheric field recovery (Maus et al., 2004). A polar region activity index has been suggested which could be of importance for the selection of quiet polar passes. This may help to improve the accuracy of magnetic field models.

37. Suggestions for further studies 1.Global pattern of field-aligned and ionospheric currents in the polar region. 2.Space weather model validation and development. 3.Night-time ionospheric currents at mid- and low latitude.

38. Global pattern of field-aligned and ionospheric currents in the polar region. Is it possible to parametrize the FAC and ionospheric current system based on parameters such as intensity, width and location of the separate parts? (Region 1, Region 2, NBZ) Can these parameters be retrieved by the Swarm magnetic and electric field components? Which additional data will help?

39. Space weather model validation and development. Which factors are most important for differencies between models and observations? Can the Swarm data be used systematically to drive space weather prediction models?

40. Night-time ionospheric currents at mid- and low latitudes. Recently observational evidence has been found for the occurence of F-region ionospheric currents in the equatorial region at the night-side. (Lühr et al. 2002) The currents are associated with plasma instabilities and their effect in the satellite data is of the order of 5 nT. These currents are important in connection with Swarm because night-side data are used in internal field studies in order to minimize the effect of ionospheric currents. A comprehensive study of night time mid- and low latitude ionospheric currents, in order to optimize the use of the Swarm data is suggested.