1. Physiological psychology Are boys better at three point turns than girls?

2. Physiological Approach Can evolutionary theory explain human behaviour? Are our brains hardwired to behave in a certain way? Do our hormones affect our moods & behaviour? Are we genetically predisposed to become mentally ill? Can mental illness be due to a chemical imbalance in the brain?

3. What does this have to do with Psychology? Psychologists are interested in how the different areas of the brain and their functions might affect our behaviour.

4. Physiological Approach: Assumptions Much of human behaviour has a biological base Psychologists should study the brain, nervous system and other biological systems, e.g. hormones, chemicals acting on the brain Nature or Nurture?

5. Studying the brain

6. Brain imaging techniques Looking inside the black box!

7. Computed Tomography Scan (CT Scan) CT scans use a series of X- ray beams passed through the head, creating cross- sectional images of the brain showing the structure, but not the function.

8. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) A scanner detects radioactive material that is injected or inhaled to produce an image of the brain. Once in the bloodstream, it flows through the brain and oxygen and glucose accumulate in brain areas that are metabolically active. As the glucose is used in the active parts of the brain, the radioactive material breaks down and gives off a neutron and a positron. When a positron hits an electron, both are destroyed and two gamma rays are released. Gamma ray detectors record the brain area where the gamma rays are emitted. This method provides a functional view of the brain.

9. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Advantages Provides an image of brain activity. Disadvantages Expensive to use. Radioactive material used.

10. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) MRI uses detection of radio frequency signals produced by displaced radio waves in a magnetic field. It provides an anatomical view of the brain.

11. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Advantages No X-rays or radioactive material is used. Provides detailed view of the brain in different dimensions. Safe, painless, non- invasive. No special preparation (except removal of all metal) is required from the patient. Disadvantages Expensive to use. Cannot be used in patients with metallic devices, like pacemakers. Cannot be used with uncooperative (or claustrophobic) patients because the patient must lie still.

12. Electroencephalogram (EEG) The recording of electrical activity along the scalp produced by the firing of neurons within the brain over a short period of time, usually 20–40 minutes, as recorded from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp.electrical neuronsbrainelectrodesscalp

13. EEG read out

14. Other Brain scans Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Functional MRIFunctional MRI detects changes in blood flow to particular areas of the brain. It provides both an anatomical and a functional view of the brain. Angiography Angiography involves a series of X-rays after dye is injected into the blood. This method provides an image of the blood vessels of the brain.

15. Advantages Physiological psychology helps us to understand the influence of biology on our behaviour It helps us understand how differences in chemical processes, brain structures and forms may shape different people’s behaviour. These difference may be natural, the result of genetics (nature) or as a result of injury or disease Physiological research has many uses for man. It has resulted in the production of pain killing drugs and medication for treating the most severe mental illnesses

16. Limitations Relies on opportunity samples or very small samples, leading to low generalisability. The reductionist approach is too simplistic – not everything can be explained at a physiological level (e.g. dreaming) The physiological approach to psychology is an example of physiological determinism. This means that it usually only recognises that biology drives behaviour. It does not necessarily take account of free will, social or cognitive influences on behaviour. Surely humans have developed well beyond animals and our intelligence has freed us from biological determinism?

17. Exit Ticket Practicing PEE: Outline what is meant by the physiological approach in psychology.