1. Case Markers Contrast Tafseer Ahmed Khan The role of semantic fields in the development of postpositions and case markers

2. Research Goals Understand the semantic space of case in contrast with postpositional usages.  Diachronic perspective (Reanalysis of nouns/participles as case markers via postpositions)  Cross linguistic comparison

3. Presentation Plan History of case in Indo-Aryan Urdu case marker ko Urdu word (ke) liye “Ablative” and “Instrumental” case markers: Cross linguistically

4. Case in Indo-Aryan Old Indo-Aryan used morphology to express case. Sanskrit had eight cases: Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Ablative, Instrumental, Genitive, Locative and Vocative. Middle Indo-Aryan lost almost all case inflections. Then New Indo-Aryan languages mostly use clitics as case markers. These clitics originated from old Indo-Aryan nouns and verbs, that became postpositions and clitics during the passage of time.

5. Case Marker ko Accusative Theme Causee Recipient Experience Mental State/Possession Involition Spatial Purpose Temporal Immediate Future Urdu case marker ko is majorly used to mark accusative and dative case. A list of different usages of ko is :

6. Recipient Usage (1) anjum=ne saddaf=kocitthidi anjum.F.Sg=ERGsaddaf.F.Sg=koletter.F.Sggive.perf.F.Sg 'Anjum gave the letter to Saddaf.' omair=koinammila. Omair.M.Sg=DATprize.M.Sgtouch.Perf.M.Sg 'Omair got the prize.' omair=kothapaR/ghuNsapaRa. Omair.M.Sg.DATslap/punch.M.Sgfall-on.Perf.M.Sg 'Omair received a slap/punch.' (Lit: To Omair, salp/punch fell on.')

7. Recipient Usage (2) Recipients marked with ko have following semantic properties.  sentience  qualitative change relative to the state of affairs before the onset of the event (i.e., come into possession of somebody)  endpoint of the transfer event  volitionality, is left under-specified.

8. Experiencer -an Extended Recipient Usage The receiver semantics can be extended to give the notion of experience with human mind as goal. i.e. human (mind) is the location of the experience. Verbs like milna(touch), lagna(stick), ana(come) etc. shows receiving of experience. omair=koxabarmili Omair.M.Sg=DATnews.F.Sgtouch.Perf.F.Sg 'Omair got the news.' sadiq=kobuxarhai Sadiq.M.Sg=DATfever.M.Sgbe.pres.Sg 'Sadiq have fever.' (Lit: 'To Sadiq, is the fever.')

9. InVolition -an Extended Recipient Usage Few dative constructions give involition of the subject. The involition is coming from the semantics of the verb. omair=kozujanapaRa Omair.M.Sg=DATzoogo.inffall-on.Perf.M.Sg 'Omair had to go to the zoo.' (Lit: 'To go to the zoo, fell on to Omair.') nadya=ko/nezujanahai. Nadya.F.Sg=DAT/ERGzoogo.inf.M.Sgbe.pres.3.Sg 'Nadya has/wants to to go to the zoo.'

10. Spatial and Temporal Usages ko is used to give semantics of 'towards the point' and 'at the point'. sAmanghar=kopohoanchgaya Luggage.M.Sghome.M.Sg=ATreachgo.perf.M.Sg 'The luggage reached (at) home.' nadyalahore=ko gayi Nadya.F.Sglahore.M.Sg=ATgo.Perf.F.Sg 'Nadya went to Lahore.' Cross linguistically, Spatial prepositions are used to mark temporal usage too. chormangal=koaaya thief.M.Sgtuesday.M.Sg=ATcome.Perf.M.Sg 'The Thief came on Tuesday.'

11. Purpose/Reason logsair/Tehelne=kogaye People.Plwalk.F.Sg/walk.inf=ATgo.Perf 'People went for a walk.' anjum=nesaddaf=kokitab anjum.F.Sg=ERGsaddaf.F.Sg=DATbook.F.Sg paRhne=kodi read.inf.Obl=ATgive.perf.F.Sg 'Anjum gave Saddaf a/the book to read.' This usage is similar to the use of English preposition to to mark purpose. For Example: People came to see the match.

12. Immediate Future nadyacaebanane=kohai Nadya.F.Sgtea.F.Sgmake.inf=ATbe.pres 'Nadya will make tea(in immediate future).' (Lit:'Nadya is at/near the act of tea making') ko is giving near or immediate future to the above sentence.

13. Causee Following sentences have different senses of Urdu word pARh meaning 'read'. anjum=ne ustad=sesaddaf=ko anjum.F.Sg=ERGteacher.M.Sg=INSTsaddaf.F.Sg=DAT sabaqpArhvaya lesson.M.Sgteach.caus.perf.M.Sg 'Anjum caused the teacher to teach the lesson to Saddaf.' anjum=ne saddaf=se(tv=pAr) anjum.F.Sg=ERGsaddaf.F.Sg=INSTtv=LOC-on xAbreNpARhvaeeN news.F.Sgread.caus.perf.F 'Anjum caused the Saddaf to read the news (on TV).' In second example, ko with Agent of 'read' is not possible, because it can not be affected agent.

14. Accusative anjum=nesaddaf=kodekha Anjum.F.Sg=ERGSaddaf.F.Sg=ACCsee.Perf.M.Sg 'Anjum saw Saddaf.' anjum=nekashtidekhi Anjum.F.Sg=ERGboat.F.Sgsee.Perf.F.Sg 'Anjum saw a/the boat.' ko is optional marker with the object. Accusative ko is connected with a sensitivity to animacy and definite/specific interpretations.

15. ko as locative Dative recipient are analyzed as locations, in many languages.Landau(2002) and Pandharipande(1990) Mohanan(1994) suggested that accusative, dative and locative- ko has same semantic configuration but different semantic fields. ko can alter with locative postpositions, e.g. chorrat=mein/koaaya thief.M.Sgnight.F.Sg=LOC-mein/ATcome.Perf.M.Sg 'The thief came during night.' ko has originated from a Sanskrit locative.

16. Semantic usages of ko ko seems to have a core locative usage. Main usages of ko are:  Point in space for Temporal and Intermediate Future usages.  Non-sentient endpoint in space as in Spatial and Purpose usages.  Sentient Recipient(endpoint) as in Dative and its extended usages. Accusative (and few more) usages do not fit straight forwardly to locative interpretation.

17. Urdu word (ke) liye (1) anjum=nesaddaf=keliyekitabxaridi anjum=ERGSaddaf=GENforbookbuy.perf ’Anjum bought a/the book for Saddaf.' omair=necalane=keliyekarxaridi Omair=ERGdrive.inf=GEN forcarbuy.perf ’Omair bought a/the car for driving.' liye marks the beneficiary. The beneficiary can be a person or an event.

18. Urdu word (ke) liye (2) ko can replace liye in purpose usages without introducing any semantic difference. logsair=ko/=ke liyegaye People.Plwalk.F.Sg=AT/=GENforgo.Perf 'People went for a walk.' ko can not always replace liye in all usages. The replacement is associated with only those verbs that already allow another dative or locative ko.

19. Urdu word (ke) liye (3) liye can be used without genitive marker ke. e.g. logisliyegayeke............... peoplethisforgo.perfthat................... 'People went for the reason that..............' In Urdu, we have case marker clitics e.g. ne, ko, mein etc. or postpositions (ke) opar, (ke) niche etc. liye seems to fall in both the categories. Its equivalents: Sindhi lae and Punjabi lai appears (optionally) with nouns without genitive marker. It seems that all case markers are not clitics.

20. Outlook: Cross linguistic Comparison “Ablative”“Instrumental” Urdusese Punjabiobl/ton/kolonnal SindhikhaNsaN Demoted AgentInstrument SourceManner Comparisonwith/attached Inability

21. Case Stacking- Cross linguistically sadiqbaG=meiN=seguzra. sadiq.M.Sggarden=in=frompass.perf 'Sadiq passed through the garden.' Sindhi and Punjabi used compound postpositions/clitics for case stacking. Punjabi:vichoN= vich(in) + oblique Sindhi:man=min(in)+oblique Interestingly, ablative markers in these languages have case stacking/compound postposition. Punjabi: koloN= kol(near) + oblique Sindhi:khan=khe(dat/acc)+ oblique