1. Spinal Cord and Nerves

2. The Nervous System Coordinates the activity of muscles, organs, senses, and actions Made up of nervous tissue Has 3 main functions: 1. Receives sensory Input 2. Integration 3. Dictates motor output

3. Divisions of the Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and spinal cord Interprets incoming sensory signals Dictates motor responses Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Ganglia Nerves Cranial nerves and spinal nerves Communication between regions of body and CNS

4. Review of Nervous Cells Neuron Cell body Dendrite Axon Myelin Sheath Neuroglia Interneuron Reflex Arc Synapse

5. Organization of a Nerve Endoneurium Surrounds each axon (nerve fiber) Myelinated and Unmyelinated axons Motor and Sensory nerve fibers Loose CT Perineurium Bundles axons into fascicles CT Epineurium Bundles fascicles into a nerve Fibrous CT CT layers contain blood vessels

6. Types of Nerve Signals/Fibers Sensory (afferent) Picked up by sensory receptors thru body Carried by nerve fibers of PNS into CNS Motor (efferent) Carried away from the CNS by nerve fibers into PNS Innervate muscles and glands Causes these organs to contract or secrete Remember: SAME

7. Sensory and Motor Signals/Fibers Somatic sensory Body senses touch, pressure, temperature, vibration of body, muscles stretching, balance Visceral sensory Organ senses Stretch, pain, temperature in organs (eg) nausea, hunger, cramps Somatic motor Body movement Voluntary contraction of skeletal muscles Visceral motor Organ movement Contraction of smooth muscle, glands = Autonomic Nervous System (involuntary)

9. CNS – Spinal Cord Runs through vertebral canal of the vertebral column Protected by bone, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid Spinal cord made of a core of gray matter surrounded by white matter 31 pairs of spinal nerves branch off spinal cord through intervertebral foramen Functions in many ways: Involved in sensory and motor innervation of body inferior to the head (through spinal nerves) Provides a 2-way conduction pathway for signals between body and brain Major center for reflexes

10. Gross Structure of Inferior End of Spinal Cord

11. Spinal Cord Segments

12. Meninges of Spinal Cord Dura mater (superficial) Spinal dural sheath Does not attach to bone Epidural space Fat and veins Between dura mater and vertebra Subdural space Between dura mater and arachnoid

13. Meninges of Spinal Cord Arachnoid mater (middle) Impermeable layer = barrier Raised off pia mater by rootlets Subarachnoid space Between arachnoid and pia mater Contains CSF Pia mater (deep) Highly vascular Adheres to brain/spinal cord tissue

14. Regions of Spinal Cord Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal Cervical + Lumbar enlargements Cauda equina Conus medullaris Filum terminale

15. Gray Mater Consists of neuron cell bodies, unmyelinated axons, dendrites, and neuroglia Shaped like an “H” Gray commissure (crossbar) Central canal Posterior horns Anterior horns

16. Gray Mater Posterior horns Consist of interneurons that transmit in from outside spinal cord into it Dorsal root contain sensory fibers Somatic Sensory (SS) Visceral Sensory (VS) Dorsal root ganglia - swelling in dorsal root that these interneurons pass through Anterior horns Cell bodies of motor neurons send info out of spinal cord to muscles and glands Ventral Root contains Motor Fibers Visceral Motor Somatic Motor

17. White Mater Surrounds gray matter Composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons Divided into white columns (funiculi) Posterior funiculus Anterior funiculus Lateral funiculus Allow for communication between Parts of the spinal cord Spinal cord and brain

18. White Mater 3 types of nerve fibers: Ascending Carry sensory info from sensory neurons of body to brain touch, pressure, pain, temperature Descending Carry motor instructions from brain to spinal cord Contraction of muscles and secretion of glands control precise, skilled movement = writing, maintain balance, create movement Commissural Cross from one side of cord to the other

19. Spinal Nerves (31 Pairs) Part of the PNS (Somatic) Lie in intervertebral foramina Send lateral branches to body Named according to their point of issue from the vertebral column 8 pairs of cervical spinal nerves; C 1 -C 8 12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves; T 1 -T 12 5 pairs of lumbar spinal nerves; L 1 -L 5 5 pairs of sacral spinal nerves; S 1 -S 5 1 pair of coccygeal spinal nerves; C 01

20. Spinal Nerves Each spinal nerve connected to spinal cord via dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) root Spinal nerves branch into dorsal ramus and ventral ramus Ventral ramus Connects to rami communicates, which then lead to sympathetic chain ganglia Supply anterior and lateral regions of the neck, trunk, and limbs Dorsal ramus Supply the dorsum of the neck and trunk (back)

21. The Big Picture Just lateral to intervertebral foramen, each spinal nerve then splits in 2 Dorsal Rami Ventral Rami Contain BOTH Sensory and Motor fibers!!

22. Put It All Together!

23. Autonomic Nervous System = Visceral Motor

24. Autonomic Nervous System Visceral Motor Function Not easily controlled by will Get nervous and sweat Innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands Regulate visceral function Heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, urination Has 2 divisions: Parasympathetic Sympathetic

25. ANS Parasympathetic Enables body to unwind and calm down Most active when body at rest Routine maintenance functions Craniosacral division Fibers emerge from brain and sacral spinal cord Sympathetic “fight or flight” Mobilizes the body during extreme situations Becomes active when extra metabolic effort needed Thoracolumbar division Fibers arise from thoracic and lumbar parts of spinal cord

26. Autonomic Division of PNS

27. Parasympathetic Innervation

28. Somatic Nervous System Innervates skeletal muscle Neurons runs from CNS directly to muscle Consists of single neuron plus skeletal muscle cells Voluntary control Running, moving limbs, typing on a computer!

29. Nervous System Overview