1. Ethnicity Definition A population of shared kinship (real or perceived) and culture Descent (real or imagined) Religion, language, customs, historical myths

2. Nation and nationalism Nation—definition a cultural community that is or seeks to become a political community as well Constructed Contested Nationalism—definition A sense of common identity and common fate shared by members of the nation—often in opposition to some “other” outside reference group A doctrine that holds that the nation should command the first loyalty of its people

3. Primordialist approach to identity Identity Biologically based (kinship) Unchanging Roots in socio-biology Favorable treatment of the in-group and unfavorable treatment of the out-group may promote survival

4. Primordialist approach to identity Identity Explains conflict When pre-existing groups feel under threat

5. Constructivist approach to identity Identity Antagonistic identities are products of elite manipulation Political entrepreneurs seek to activate antagonistic identities

6. Constructivist approach to identity Identity Explains conflict Elites provoke conflict against out-group to gain or hold power Sources of competition over power With out-group Between in-group moderates and extremists  Violence Sharpens in-group boundaries Increases support of mass public for in-group elites who provoked violence in first place

7. Review: technocratic state bureaucracy Merit/skill-based recruitment  technocrats, specialized state agencies Monitoring of technocratic performance Performance-based rewards Competitive salaries, performance-based promotion Insulation from direct societal pressures Power to formulate and implement policy Belief in bureaucratic mission