1. Congenital mitral valve stenosis
Fig 34
Congenital mitral valve stenosis Ao LV LA
Parasternal long axis view showing congenital mitral stenosis. Note the thickened valve
leaflets with a small opening orifice. The left atrium is dilated due to the mitral stenosis.

2. Fig 35 A B LV LA C
A. Parasternal short axis view demonstrating a
parachute type abnormality of the mitral valve.
Note the small valve orifice (arrow) due to all chordae
attached to the single anteriolateral paplliary muscle.
B. Colour flow mapping showing flow acceleration
through the valve during diastole.
C. Continuous wave Doppler trace showing increased
flow velocity

3. MVL prolapse Fig 36 Ao LV LA Colour Doppler flow mapping showing
Parasternal long-axis view demonstrating
mitral valve prolapse.
Colour Doppler flow mapping showing
anteriorly directed mitral regurgitation jet.

4. Mitral Valve Prolapsing
Fig 37
Mitral Valve Prolapsing LA RA LA LV RV
Transesophageal echocardiogram showing
posterior leaflet mitral valve prolapse.
Colour Doppler mapping demonstrating severe
mitral regurgitation in the same patient.