4.  Commas are used when modifying phrases are implanted within an independent clause.  A good way to test for modifying phrases is to read the sentence without them. If the sentence still makes sense, then it is an modifying phrase Form followed >>> First part of independent clause +, modifying phrase +, final part of independent clause Example: My dad, a fireman, works in a very dangerous environment.

5.  Commas are used in a list or series.  Though commas technically aren’t required before the last item of a list, it is in accordance with most accepted styles of writing to do so. Form followed >>> List item #1+, list item #2+, list item #3, etc. Example: We would like paper, pens, and erasers

6.  For dialogue, commas are used before initial quotation marks.  A comma is used following closing quotation marks when the dialogue is a statement and the sentence continues. Examples≥≥≥ The students said to their professor, “Please don’t give us homework.” “We want to have fun this weekend,” they explained.

7. Mistake: Using a comma in front of “that” INCORRECT: The colors, that were used to decorate the reception hall, were well-matched. CORRECT: The dress that she wore to the wedding was beautiful. Separating a verb from its subject INCORRECT: One of the smartest things a writer can do, is learn how to use commas correctly. CORRECT: One of the smartest things a writer can do is learn how to use commas correctly. Separating verbs INCORRECT: She jogged for 30 minutes, and walked for 20 minutes. CORRECT: She jogged for 30 minutes and walked for 20 minutes

8. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/607/03/ https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/gram_clauses_n_phrases.html http://www.cornellcollege.edu/library/ctl/ws/docs- pdfs/How%20to%20use%20commas.pdf http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dialogue http://www.thefreedictionary.com/list