1. Animal Organization and Homeostasis
Chapter 33
Animal Organization and Homeostasis

2. 33.1 Types of Tissues
A tissue is composed of specialized cells of the same type that perform a common function
four main types:
epithelial tissue: covers and lines
connective tissue: binds and supports
muscular tissue: contracts (moves)
nervous tissue: receives and transmits nerve impulses
remember that cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form organ systems

3. 33.1 Types of Tissues epithelial tissue
covers and lines parts (sheets of cells)
tightly packed
form a continuous layer
attached to basement membrane
classified on the basis of:
number of layers of cells
simple = one layer
stratified = multiple layers
pseudostratified = one layer with appearance of multiple layers
shape of cells
cuboidal, columnar, squamous (flat)

4. 33.1 Types of Tissues epithelial tissue, cont. Nucleus Basement
simple epithelia
squamous
single layer of flat cells
lines parts (ex: blood vessels, lungs)
exchanges materials
Nucleus
Basement
Membrane

5. 33.1 Types of Tissues epithelial tissue, cont. Nucleus Lumen
simple epithelia, cont.
cuboidal
cube shaped cells
found in glands, lines kidney tubules
produce secretions
lumen: tube in center where secretions are released
Lumen
Nucleus

6. 33.1 Types of Tissues epithelial tissue, cont. Nucleus Basement
simple epithelia, cont.
columnar
single layer of tall cells
lines digestive system
absorbs food
microvilli: folds in the plasma membrane to increase surface area
Basement
Membrane
Nucleus

7. 33.1 Types of Tissues epithelial tissue, cont. simple epithelia, cont.
pseudostratified
found in breathing passages (trachea)
has cilia to move mucus to throat (mucus traps foreign particles)
Cilia
Nucleus
Basement
Membrane

8. 33.1 Types of Tissues epithelial tissue, cont. Nucleus Basement
stratified epithelia
squamous
many layers of flat cells
outer layer of skin, lining of nose, mouth, esophagus, anal canal, vagina
protects
Basement
Membrane
Nucleus

9. 33.1 Types of Tissues epithelial tissue, cont. Basement Membrane
stratified epithelia, cont.
columnar
many layers of stretchy cells (transition from one shape to another)
found in urinary bladder
stretches
Basement
Membrane

10. 33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue
most abundant and widely distributed tissue in animals
diverse, but three common features:
specialized cells (sparse)
ground substance: noncellular substance that separates cells
protein fibers
collagen: flexible and strong
reticular fibers: thin, branched collagen fibers
elastic fibers: contain elastin; weaker but more elastic than collagen
(ground + protein = extracellular matrix)?

11. 33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue, cont. Fiber Cell Matrix
fibrous connective tissue
loose fibrous connective tissue (areolar)
cells far apart; contains fibroblasts
supports epithelium and internal organs
allows lungs, arteries, bladder to expand
protective covering over muscles, blood vessels, nerves
Cell
Fiber
Matrix

12. 33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue, cont. Nucleus
fibrous connective tissue, cont.
adipose tissue
energy reservoir (fat)
insulates
provides cushioning
number of adipose cells is fixed
Fat Storage Space
Nucleus

13. 33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue, cont. Cell nuclei Fibers
fibrous connective tissue, cont.
dense fibrous connective tissue
contains densely packed collagen fibers
contains fibroblasts
found in tendons (muscles to bones)
found in ligaments (bones to bones)
Cell nuclei
Fibers

14. 33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue, cont. Matrix Chondrocyte
supportive connective tissue
cartilage
cells in small chambers called lacunae
solid yet flexible support
indirect blood supply  slow healing
Matrix
Chondrocyte

15. 33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue, cont.
supportive connective tissue, cont.
cartilage, cont.
hyaline cartilage: most common type; has very fine collagen fibers; nose, ends of long bones and ribs, rings in trachea
elastic cartilage: more elastic fibers; outer ear
fibrocartilage: strong collagen fibers; pads between vertebrae, knees joint

16. 33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue, cont. Matrix Blood vessel
bone
most rigid connective tissue
hard matrix of inorganic salts (esp. calcium salts) deposited around protein fibers (esp. collagen fibers)
has blood vessels
Matrix
Blood vessel

17. 33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue, cont. bone, cont. two types:
compact bone makes up the shaft of a long bone
spongy bone is found at the end of a long bone; has irregularly shaped spaces; lighter than compact bone, but still strong

18. 33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue, cont.
fluid connective tissues
blood: “formed elements” and plasma
plasma: liquid matrix
red blood cells (RBC): more common; carry oxygen; contain hemoglobin
white blood cells (WBC): fight disease; usually larger than RBCs
platelets: clot blood; fragments of giant cells found only in bone marrow
lymph
located in lymphatic vessels
helps fight infections, transport excess fluids and solutes
RBC
WBC
Plasma
Platelet

19. 33.1 Types of Tissues muscular tissue Nucleus Striation
composed of cells called muscle fibers, which contain actin and myosin filaments
skeletal muscle (voluntary muscle)
has many nuclei (due to large size)
attached by tendons to bone
voluntary: under conscious control
striated (striped) in appearance
Striation
Nucleus

20. 33.1 Types of Tissues muscular tissue, cont. smooth (visceral) muscle
no striations
involuntary
found in digestive system, blood vessels, breathing passages, urinary bladder, uterus
Nucleus

21. 33.1 Types of Tissues muscular tissue, cont. cardiac muscle striated
involuntary: not under conscious control
found in the heart (pumps blood)
single, centrally placed nucleus
Nucleus
Striation

22. 33.1 Types of Tissues
nervous tissue

24. Animal Bioenergetics energy Input (eat) digestion (hydrolysis)
absorption
catabolism
heat
ATP
ATP used for cellular work, biosynthesis (anabolism)

25. total amount of energy used (kcal)/time factors that influence:
Metabolic Rate
total amount of energy used (kcal)/time
factors that influence:
age, sex, size
temperature: body and environment
food—quality and quantity
activities
available oxygen
hormone levels
time of day

26. Endotherms generate body heat metabolically birds and mammals
require more kcal/day than ectotherms
most homeothermic (constant body temp.)
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): endotherm’s metabolic rate measure under resting, fasting and stress-free conditions

27. Ectotherms acquire most of their body heat from environment
body temperature and metabolic rate changes with environmental temperature
can only determine metabolic rate at a specific temperature (called Standard metabolic rate)
uses less energy, can’t be active in cool conditions

28. Surface Area/Volume
as size increases, surface area: volume ratio decreases
therefore, metabolic rate decreases with size because heat loss decreases (hummingbirds and shrews)
large/complex animals have to have adaptations to increase surface area for absorption of oxygen/food

29. Functions of the Body Energy and Metabolism Homeostasis
digestive system: provides raw materials
respiratory system: exchanges gases
circulatory system: carries materials to cells
Homeostasis
urinary system: blood homeostasis
thermoregulation: temperature homeostasis
immune system: kills things that might prevent homeostasis

30. Integration and Control
Functions of the Body
Integration and Control
endocrine system: long term with chemicals
nervous System: short term with electricity
reponses and senses
brain: integrates everything
Continuity of life
reproductive systems
development