1. Earth’s Spheres & Branches of Earth Science
Module E Intro Unit 1 Lesson 1
Pages 4-7

2. I will be able to describe and identify the two types of systems.
What is a System?
Systems
a group of interacting parts that work to together to do a job or to form a whole.
Open Systems
Closed Systems

3. I will be able to describe and identify the two types of systems.
What is a System?
Systems
Open System
Matter and energy can flow into and out of the system.
Uncovered pan of boiling water.
Vegetable Garden
Natural Environment

4. I will be able to describe and identify the two types of systems.
What is a System?
Systems
Closed System
Matter cannot enter or leave, energy can.
Covered pan of boiling water.
Terrarium
Greenhouse

5. What is the Earth’s System?
I will be able to describe the parts of Earth’s System and explain how matter and energy are transferred through it.
What is the Earth’s System?
Earth System
A complex system made up of:
Matter
Living Things
Nonliving things.
Energy
Processes within Earth’s
Matter and energy continuously cycled through the smaller systems that make up Earth’s spheres.

6. Energy is the ability to do work.
What is Energy?
Energy is the ability to do work.
Energy that drives Earth system has two main sources:
1. Heat from the sun
2. Heat flowing out of Earth as it cools.
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
Organism is any individual form of life that uses energy to carry out its activities.

7. What is the Earth’s Geosphere?
I will be able to define and describe the five main spheres that make up the Earth.
What is the Earth’s Geosphere?
Geosphere
Mostly solid, rocky part of the Earth.
Divided into 3 Layers
1. Crust
2. Mantle
3. Core
a. Inner Core
b. Outer Core

8. Layers of the Earth Mantle
Made up of a thick, solid, rocky substance that represents about 85% of the total weight and mass of the Earth.
Crust
Thin outer layer where WE LIVE
Made up of rocks
Inner Core
The hottest part of Earth
Made up iron & nickel
It’s a solid
Outer Core
Iron & Nickel melt and turn into a liquid
Create a magnetic field which protects us from the sun’s damaging solar wind.

9. All these materials are made into small particles
The Geosphere is made up of soil, rock & metal.
All these materials are made into small particles
I) Minerals
1. Naturally occurring,
2. inorganic
3. solids
4. Have crystal structures
5. Definite chemical compositions.
**Must have ALL 5 to be a mineral
Physical Properties of Minerals:
-Color
-Streak (color of powder)
-Hardness (how easily a mineral can be scratched).
-Luster (how it reflects light)
-Crystal Shape

10. Rocks
A rock is…
Naturally occurring solid composed of minerals and sometimes other materials such as organic matter.
3 types of rocks
1) igneous
2) Sedimentary
3) Metamorphic

11. What is the Earth’s Hydrosphere?
I will be able to define and describe the four main spheres that make up the Earth.
What is the Earth’s Hydrosphere?
Hydrosphere
Part of the Earth that is liquid water.
Always moving, through all spheres.
71% of Earth’s surface is the ocean.
Lakes
Rivers
Marshes
Rain
Underground water
Droplets in clouds.

12. What is the Earth’s Cryosphere?
I will be able to define and describe the five main spheres that make up the Earth.
What is the Earth’s Cryosphere?
Cryosphere
Made up of all frozen water on Earth.
Ice
Sea Ice
Glaciers
Ice Shelves
Ice Bergs
Snow

13. What is the Earth’s Atmosphere?
I will be able to define and describe the five main spheres that make up the Earth.
What is the Earth’s Atmosphere?
Atmosphere
Mostly made of invisible gases that surround the Earth.
Contains the air we breathe.
What is air made of?
78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
1% Trace Gases.
Traps Heat Energy from the sun.
Greenhouse effect, keeps the planet warm.
78%
21% 1%

14. Layers of the atmosphere
I will be able to identify the Layers of the Atmosphere
Layers of the atmosphere
1. Troposhphere
2. Stratosphere
3. Mesosphere
4. Thermosphere
5. Exosphere

15. What is the Earth’s Biosphere?
I will be able to define and describe the five main spheres that make up the Earth.
What is the Earth’s Biosphere?
Biosphere
Made up of living things and their habitats (animals, plants, microbes, etc).
Must Have:
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Liquid Water
Moderate Temperatures
Source of Energy
Sun
Plants and Algae (photosynthesis)

16. How do all these systems interact?
System Interactions
How do all these systems interact?
Hurricanes (atmosphere), sweep across the ocean (hydrosphere), and onto the land (geosphere), damaging the dwellings of people (biosphere) who live along the coast.

17. Another example of system interactions
Volcanoes (geosphere) erupt, sending ash and gases into the air (atmosphere) and sending lava and ash down onto surrounding forests (biosphere) and human habitations (biosphere).

18. How Do Earth’s Spheres Interact?
I will be able to describe the parts of Earth’s System and explain how matter and energy are transferred through it.
How Do Earth’s Spheres Interact?
Matter and Energy
1. By exchange of matter.
Water Cycle
Water evaporates into the atmosphere.
Water condenses forming clouds.
Nitrogen Cycle
Bacteria release nitrogen into the soil from the atmosphere.
Plants use nitrogen to grow.

19. How Do Earth’s Spheres Interact?
I will be able to describe the parts of Earth’s System and explain how matter and energy are transferred through it.
How Do Earth’s Spheres Interact?
2. By exchange of energy
Moves back and forth between spheres.
Plants use solar energy to make food.
Animals eat plants for energy.
Solar Energy
Drives winds and Weather

20. What is the Source of Earth’s Energy?
I will be able to describe the parts of Earth’s System and explain how matter and energy are transferred through it.
What is the Source of Earth’s Energy?
Earth’s Energy
Most comes from the Sun.
A tiny fraction
Ocean Tides
Geothermal
Lava & Magma
Moves or Changes form
Not created or destroyed.
Transferred between spheres