1. Acquisition and Transfer
Knowledge
Acquisition and Transfer

2. Methods of Obtaining Knowledge
Reason or Logic
Modeling
Observation/Experimentation
Testimony
Authority
Revelation

3. Types of Knowledge Embrained knowledge
dependent on conceptual skills and cognitive abilities.
practical, high-level knowledge, where objectives are met through perpetual recognition and revamping.
Tacit knowledge may also be embrained, even though it is mainly subconscious.
Embodied knowledge
action oriented and consists of contextual practices.
social acquisition, as how
individuals interact in and interpret their environment creates this non-explicit type of knowledge.
Encultured knowledge
process of achieving shared understandings through socialization and acculturation.
Language and negotiation.
Embedded knowledge
explicit and resides within systematic routines.
relationships between roles, technologies, formal procedures and emergent routines within a complex system.
Encoded knowledge
information that is conveyed in signs and symbols (books, manuals, data bases)
decontextualized into codes of practice.
deals more with the transmission, storage and interrogation of knowledge.

4. Challenges in Knowledge Transfer
Inability to recognize & articulate tacit knowledge idea (Nonaka & Takeuchi 1995)
Geography or distance (Gailbraith 1990)
Limitations of ICTs (Roberts 2000)
Lack of a shared/superordinate social identity (Kane, Argote, & Levine 2005)
Language
Areas of expertise
Internal conflicts (eg. professional territoriality, Union-management relations )
Generational differences
Incentives
The use of visual representations to transfer knowledge (knowledge visualization)
Problems with sharing beliefs, assumptions, heuristics and cultural norms.
Previous exposure or experience with something.
Faulty information and Misconceptions
Organizational culture non-conducive to knowledge sharing (the "Knowledge is power" culture)
Motivational issues
Lack of trust

5. Knowledge Transfer Process
Identifying the knowledge holders within the organization
Motivating them to share
Designing a sharing mechanism to facilitate the transfer
Executing the transfer plan
Measuring to ensure the transfer
Applying the knowledge transferred

6. Knowledge Transfer Practices
Mentoring
Guided experience
Simulation
Guided experimentation
Work shadowing
Paired work
Communities of practice
Narrative transfer

7. Modes of Knowledge Creation
Tacit Knowledge Explicit Knowledge To
Tacit
Knowledge
From
Explicit
Socialization
Externalization
Internalization
Combination

8. Work-based learning
Theory
Practice
Reflection

9. Spiral of Organizational Knowledge Creation
Externalization
Combination
Explicit
Knowledge
Tacit
Knowledge
Socialization
Internalization
Individual Group Organization Inter-organization
Knowledge Level

10. Individual Level Work-Based Learning
KNOWLEDGE
L Explicit Tacit E
A Theory R N
I Practice G
Conceptualization
Experimentation
Reflection
Experience

11. Collective Level Work-Based Learning
KNOWLEDGE
L Explicit Tacit E
A Theory R N I
N Practice G
Applied Science
Action Learning
Action Science
Community of Practice

12. ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE (Schein, 1985)
Artifacts
Espoused Values
Underlying Assumptions