1. DEC 10 Common Errors Week 5: Contrast

2. Identify the linking phrase in each example. 1.Sydney’s public transport services have seen little development in the last 50 years. Melbourne, by contrast, has steadily improved its train, tram and bus networks. 2.In contrast with Melbourne’s extensive network, Sydney has only one light rail line. 3.In the 1940s, over a million passengers rode Sydney’s trams every day. In contrast, the present line carries a few thousand people a week. 4.By contrast with Sydney Harbour’s regular public ferries, Melbourne offers only private water transport services. 5.Sydney commuters hoped that the new Opal card would save them money. On the contrary, more than 50% of trips are more expensive with the new card.

3. Identify the linking phrase. Sydney’s public transport services have seen little development in the last 50 years. Melbourne, by contrast, has steadily improved its train, tram and bus networks.

4. Identify the linking phrase. In contrast with Melbourne’s extensive network, Sydney has only one light rail line.

5. Identify the linking phrase. In the 1940s, over a million passengers rode Sydney’s trams every day. In contrast, the present line carries a few thousand people a week.

6. Identify the linking phrase. By contrast with Sydney Harbour’s regular public ferries, Melbourne offers only private water transport services.

7. Identify the linking phrase. Sydney commuters hoped that the new Opal card would save them money. On the contrary, more than 50% of trips are more expensive with the new card.

8. Which linking phrases can you use to show a link between a sentence and the previous sentence? 1.Sydney’s public transport services have seen little development in the last 50 years. Melbourne, by contrast, has steadily improved its train, tram and bus networks. 2.In contrast with Melbourne’s extensive network, Sydney has only one light rail line. 3.In the 1940s, over a million passengers rode Sydney’s trams every day. In contrast, the present line carries a few thousand people a week. 4.By contrast with Sydney Harbour’s regular public ferries, Melbourne offers only private water transport services. 5.Sydney commuters hoped that the new Opal card would save them money. On the contrary, more than 50% of trips are more expensive with the new card.

9. Which linking phrases can you use to show a link between a sentence and the previous sentence? by contrast in contrast on the contrary

10. Which linking phrases can you use to show contrast with a noun phrase? 1.Sydney’s public transport services have seen little development in the last 50 years. Melbourne, by contrast, has steadily improved its train, tram and bus networks. 2.In contrast with Melbourne’s extensive network, Sydney has only one light rail line. 3.In the 1940s, over a million passengers rode Sydney’s trams every day. In contrast, the present line carries a few thousand people a week. 4.By contrast with Sydney Harbour’s regular public ferries, Melbourne offers only private water transport services. 5.Sydney commuters hoped that the new Opal card would save them money. On the contrary, more than 50% of trips are more expensive with the new card.

11. Which linking phrases can you use to show contrast with a noun phrase? by contrast with in contrast with/to

12. Which linking phrase can you use to show that the idea in the previous sentence is wrong? 1.Sydney’s public transport services have seen little development in the last 50 years. Melbourne, by contrast, has steadily improved its train, tram and bus networks. 2.In contrast with Melbourne’s extensive network, Sydney has only one light rail line. 3.In the 1940s, over a million passengers rode Sydney’s trams every day. In contrast, the present line carries a few thousand people a week. 4.By contrast with Sydney Harbour’s regular public ferries, Melbourne offers only private water transport services. 5.Sydney commuters hoped that the new Opal card would save them money. On the contrary, more than 50% of trips are more expensive with the new card.

13. Which linking phrase can you use to show that the idea in the previous sentence is wrong? on the contrary

14. Practice Complete the sentences with a suitable linking phrase. 1.____________________ inner city suburbs with bus services every 15-30 minutes, many parts of northwest and southwest Sydney have no bus service at all. 2.Sydney’s public transport is used mostly by those who cannot afford to drive and park a car in the city. In Melbourne ____________________ people of all socioeconomic classes use public transport. 3.Because of the city’s poor reputation for public transport, many assume that Sydneysiders are more likely than Melburnians to drive their car to work. ____________________ 71% of Sydneysiders and almost 80% of Melburnians commute by private car.

15. Complete the sentence with a suitable linking phrase. ____________________ inner city suburbs with bus services every 15-30 minutes, many parts of northwest and southwest Sydney have no bus service at all. By/In contrast with/to inner city suburbs with bus services every 15-30 minutes, many parts of northwest and southwest Sydney have no bus service at all. by contrastby contrast within contrastin contrast with/to on the contrary

16. Complete the sentence with a suitable linking phrase. Sydney’s public transport is used mostly by those who cannot afford to drive and park a car in the city. In Melbourne ____________________ people of all socioeconomic classes use public transport. Sydney’s public transport is used mostly by those who cannot afford to drive and park a car in the city. In Melbourne, by/in contrast, people of all socioeconomic classes use public transport. by contrastby contrast within contrastin contrast with/to on the contrary

17. Complete the sentence with a suitable linking phrase. Because of the city’s poor reputation for public transport, many assume that Sydneysiders are more likely than Melburnians to drive their car to work. ____________________ 71% of Sydneysiders and almost 80% of Melburnians commute by private car. Because of the city’s poor reputation for public transport, many assume that Sydneysiders are more likely than Melburnians to drive their car to work. On the contrary, 71% of Sydneysiders and almost 80% of Melburnians commute by private car. by contrastby contrast within contrastin contrast with/to on the contrary

18. Review Three of these sentences are correct, and seven have errors. Correct the errors by adding, deleting or changing ONE WORD. 1.Heavy rail requires considerable investment. In contrary, light rail is economically viable. 2.By contrast its Asian neighbours, Sydney has an overpriced public transport system. 3.Decades of government neglect have caused to Sydney’s substandard public transport system. 4.Severe traffic congestion is partly a result from inadequate public transport. 5.Sydney’s hilly terrain makes difficult to run tram lines efficiently. 6.Other cities had little difficulty converting to an integrated ticketing system. 7.A hundred years ago, more than half of Sydney’s population had travelled by tram. 8.If Sydney had retained its light rail network, the problems of traffic congestion would not had emerged. 9.Until the 1950s, Sydney had a large number of tram lines. 10.The commuters of Sydney’s northwest have no efficient transport service because of the government’s reluctance to commit funds.

19. Example Example: On contrast to Sydney, London has had an efficient electronic fare system for over a decade. Answer: On In contrast to Sydney, London has had an efficient electronic fare system for over a decade.

20. Review Three of these sentences are correct, and seven have errors. Correct the errors by adding, deleting or changing ONE WORD. 1.Heavy rail requires considerable investment. In contrary, light rail is economically viable. 2.By contrast its Asian neighbours, Sydney has an overpriced public transport system. 3.Decades of government neglect have caused to Sydney’s substandard public transport system. 4.Severe traffic congestion is partly a result from inadequate public transport. 5.Sydney’s hilly terrain makes difficult to run tram lines efficiently. 6.Other cities had little difficulty converting to an integrated ticketing system. 7.A hundred years ago, more than half of Sydney’s population had travelled by tram. 8.If Sydney had retained its light rail network, the problems of traffic congestion would not had emerged. 9.Until the 1950s, Sydney had a large number of tram lines. 10.The commuters of Sydney’s northwest have no efficient transport service because of the government’s reluctance to commit funds.

21. 1 Heavy rail requires considerable investment. In contrary, light rail is economically viable. Heavy rail requires considerable investment. In contrary contrast, light rail is economically viable.

22. 2 By contrast its Asian neighbours, Sydney has an overpriced public transport system. By contrast with its Asian neighbours, Sydney has an overpriced public transport system.

23. 3 Decades of government neglect have caused to Sydney’s substandard public transport system.

24. 4 Severe traffic congestion is partly a result from inadequate public transport. Severe traffic congestion is partly a result from of inadequate public transport.

25. 5 Sydney’s hilly terrain makes difficult to run tram lines efficiently. Sydney’s hilly terrain makes it difficult to run tram lines efficiently.

26. 6 Other cities had little difficulty converting to an integrated ticketing system.

27. 7 A hundred years ago, more than half of Sydney’s population had travelled by tram.

28. 8 If Sydney had retained its light rail network, the problems of traffic congestion would not had emerged. If Sydney had retained its light rail network, the problems of traffic congestion would not had have emerged.

29. 9 Until the 1950s, Sydney had a large number of tram lines.

30. 10 The commuters of Sydney’s northwest have no efficient transport service because of the government’s reluctance to commit funds.

31. Do you want to see that again? I’ll publish materials from each week’s lecture on my blog on Thursday afternoon. hicktony.wordpress.com If you have any questions about today’s lecture, email me: tony.hickey@sydney.edu.au