1. INTELLIGENCE

2. THE BEGINNINGS

3. Sir Francis Galton Inventor of fingerprint identification Eugenicist: advocates for the improvement of human hereditary traits through the promotion of higher reproduction of more desired people and traits, and the reduction of reproduction of less desired people and traits

4. Sir Francis Galton Tried to measure intelligence, temperament, and even the beauty of women Believed that certain races & classes were intellectually inferior Studied phrenology Considered by some today as a racist and sexist

5. Phrenology Phrenology came from the theories of the physician Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828). That the form of the head or cranium represents the form of the brain, and thus reflects the relative development of the brain organs.

6. Franz Joseph Gall

7. Phrenology It was believed that by examining the shape and unevenness of a head or skull, one could discover the development of the particular cerebral "organs" responsible for different intellectual abilities. For example, a prominent protuberance in the forehead at the position attributed to the organ of Benevolence was meant to indicate that the individual had a "well developed" organ of Benevolence and would therefore be expected to exhibit benevolent behavior. Benevolence=doing good

8. THE FIRST IQ TEST DESIGNS & PURPOSES

9. Alfred Binet & Intelligence Quotient Created 1 st IQ test in 1905 (France) Did not intend for it to be used to separate children (discrimination) Mental Age / Chronological Age x 100= IQ Tim is 9 years old and has a mental age of 7. Tim’s IQ is _________.

10. Consequences Much as Binet had feared, IQ test scores were used by the French school system to TRACK students into certain classes and programs Some argue that we still rely too much on these scores and standardized test scores to do the same thing here in the United States as well

11. The Bell Curve

12. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3Fu1x1Uubg Child Prodigies (#6&8) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/27/child-prodigies-20-astoun_n_1631348.html#slide=1153964 ABC Nightline Child Prodigies

13. IQ 130 AND ABOVEVERY SUPERIOR 120-129SUPERIOR 110-119HIGH AVG. 90-109AVERAGE 80-89LOW AVERAGE 70-79BORDERLINE 69 AND BELOWMENTALLY CHALLENGED

14. Mental Retardation Borderline (79-70): very slow learners, most of whom fail to complete high school. Mild (69-52): legally “challenged”, most of whom attend special schools. At lower end, may require some social work supervision through adulthood. Moderate (51-36): Brought on by physical, disease related problems. Trained to care for themselves with supervision.

15. Mental Retardation (cont.) Severe (35-20): Constant supervision. 75% have had a major disease. Can’t benefit from school. Profound (19-0): Only about 1% fall into this range. Do not mature beyond a mental age of 2. Unable to care for self.

16. Lewis Terman & The Stanford-Binet IQ Test Professor @ Stanford University in California who modified Binet’s IQ test into English Promoted its use for a variety of reasons he believed were useful

17. Stanford-Binet IQ Test Used during WWI to help distinguish potential officers from regular enlisted men.

18. ALTERNATIVE IQ TEST DESIGN ORIGINS

19. David Wechsler Alternative IQ Test

20. David Wechsler New York psychologist who became skeptical of IQ Test scores after working with and testing immigrants who scored low on the test, but seemed intelligent otherwise Dr. Wechsler attributed this to low verbal skills based on the test being in English. Many of Wechsler’s patients were immigrants & spoke only broken English So, he came up with an idea……..

21. David Wechsler Devised the alternate Wechsler IQ test that measured verbal comprehension and performance skills (nonverbal) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) & Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) Average score is still 100, but you get three scores: Verbal Score, Performance Score, & Total Score

22. IQ Controversy (Nature) 1. IQ is genetic/inherited 2. IQ is narrowly defined by specific tests & skills 3. IQ is constant through one’s lifetime (Nurture) 1. IQ is also dependent on nurturing / environment 2. IQ is multi- dimensional 3. IQ is capable of changing thru life

23. Contributing IQ Theorists Conservative Theorists 1. Galton 2. Terman 3. Spearman Liberal Theorists 1. Thurstone 2. Sternberg 3. Gardner