1. Aim: How does Public Opinion influence American Government? DEMOCRACY AND PUBLIC OPINION Why is government policy often at odds with public opinion? Framer ’ s intent Many “ publics ” limit to polling Government attends to elites

2. Aim: How does Public Opinion influence American Government? Is there really such a thing as “ Public Opinion ” if … the “ public ” suffers from ignorance, instability, and sensitivity to wording? Examples of problems? “ Monetary Control Bill ” Wording stability

3. Aim: How does Public Opinion influence American Government? DO NOW: Why is governmental policy often at odds with public opinion? (4 reasons) Why might someone argue that there is no such thing as “ public opinion? What is the single most important factor in your political socialization? Why has it declined in importance in recent years?

4. ORIGINS OF POLITICAL ATTITUDES Family Party ID Only 9% of high school seniors identify with the party opposite of their parents Even as adults, 60% share party ID of parents Influence of family on party ID has been decreasing

5. ORIGINS OF POLITICAL ATTITUDES RELIGION Catholics more liberal on economic issues than white protestants Jews much more liberal on economic and social issues Why? Social status Religious tradition See table (text)

6. ORIGINS OF POLITICAL ATTITUDES GENDER GAP Since 1960s women have tended to ID more strongly than men with Democratic party Why? “ SHE ” issues See chart (text)

7. Gender Gap

8. ORIGINS OF POLITICAL ATTITUDES SCHOOLING/INFORMATION College students more liberal than general population Longer stay in college, more liberal you become Why? Individual traits Expose to more information about politics Liberalism – professors Does the liberalism last?

9. Changing College Student

10. ORIGINS OF POLITICAL ATTITUDES DO NOW: What is the single most important factor in your political socialization? How does religion influence your political identification? (Protestant, Catholic, Jew) Does gender influence your views on the issues?(Is there a gender gap?) How does schooling influence one ’ s ideology?

11. Cleavages in Public Opinion What are your CATS? Race/ethnicity Gender Social Class Religion Region Age Education *In the U.S. there is no one cleavage that makes somebody a liberal or conservative … NOT THAT SIMPLE!

12. Cleavages in Public Opinion No single cleavage between liberals and conservatives Social class less important in U.S.than Europe Race/ethnicity – becoming more important Blacks most consistently liberal group – little cleavage See table – White v. Black opinions See table – Party ID/Political attitude ethnic groups (Ca.) Southerners v. Northerners Southerners and Democratic party

13. African American and White Opinion

14. Changes in Racial Opinion

15. White Southerners and the Democratic Party

16. Cleavages in Public Opinion DO NOW: Is there any single cleavage (category) that makes somebody a liberal or a conservative? How does socio-economic status affect one ’ s political ideology? Can the region that an individual is from (within the U.S.) play a role in influencing party ID and ideology? Why have white southerners left the Democratic party? (no longer the solid south for Democrats) What other factors influence the political ideology that an individual is likely to possess?

17. IDEOLOGY : You vs. Your Enemy Box (text) Do you know the difference between a “ bleeding heart, knee-jerk, pinko, tree- hugger ” (aka. Liberal) and a “ right- wing, reactionary, cold-hearted, fascist ” (aka. Conservative)?(charts p. 121 and 123) Ideology Quiz

18. IDEOLOGY Pure Liberals (Economic, Personal Conduct) Libertarians (Economic, Personal Conduct) Populists (Economic, Personal Conduct) Pure Conservatives (Economic, Personal Conduct)

19. Ideological Self-Identification

20. Political Ideology and Public Opinion Why do more Americans (Over 40%) view themselves as Moderate rather than Liberal or Conservative? What is the difference between the Traditional Middle Class and the New (Liberal) Middle Class?

21. Political Ideology and Public Opinion POLITICAL ELITES Who are the “ elites ” ? Why do elites display greater ideological consistency? What role do they play in American politics? -raise and frame the issues -establish the norms by which issues should be settled Are Democratic elites and Republican elites more liberal/conservative than rank and file Democrats and Republicans?

22. Topics for Exam Review Articles of Confederation (weaknesses and remedies) Federal grants-in-aid (types, define, trends) McCulloch v. Maryland Trust in Government (trends, explanation) Political Efficacy (define, trends, explanation) Factors influencing political socialization