1. Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources GLG 101 - Physical Geology Bob Leighty

2. These lecture notes are very similar to the ones I use in my traditional classes. You’ll find they are loaded with imagery and streamlined text that highlight the most essential terms and concepts. The notes provide a framework for learning and, by themselves, are not meant to be a comprehensive source of information. To take advantage of the global knowledge base known as the Internet, I have included numerous hyperlinks to external web sites (like the Wikipedia, USGS, NASA, etc.). Follow the links and scan them for relevant info. The information from linked web sites is meant to supplement and reinforce the lecture notes – you won’t be responsible for knowing everything contained in them. As a distance learning student, you need to explore and understand the content more independently than in a traditional class. As always, I will help guide you through this learning adventure. Remember, email Dr. Bob if you have any questions about today’s lecture (rleighty@mail.mc.maricopa.edu).rleighty@mail.mc.maricopa.edu Leave no questions behind! Explore and have fun! These notes and web links are your primary “lecture” content in this class. Additionally, various articles are assigned each week to supplement this “lecture” information. I believe you’ll have enough information to reference without having to purchase a costly textbook.

3. Mineral Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Why Do We Care?

4. Mineral Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources What is an Ore?  Market-defined discovered & undiscovered deposits

5. Mineral Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Ore Deposits  Hydrothermal fluids deposit elements & minerals (ores) either in veins or larger volumes of rock Hydrothermal

6. Mineral Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Ore Deposits Vein

7. Mineral Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Ore Deposits Disseminated

8. Mineral Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources galena (Pb) cinnabar (Hg) pyrite (Fe) sphalerite (Zn)galenacinnabarpyritesphalerite  ? + S; commonly includes minerals with Fe, Pb, Ag, Au, Cu, etc. Sulfide Ores

9. chrysocholla (Cu) malachitemalachite (Cu)  ? + O; commonly includes Cu minerals Ore Deposits Mineral Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Oxide Ores

10. Mineral Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Ore Deposits Sulfide Ore Processing

11. Mineral Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Ore Deposits Oxide Ore Processing

12. Mineral Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Arizona Ore Deposits Porphyry Copper  Late Mesozoic/Early Cenozoic rocks  Low grade disseminated ores mined by open pit methodsopen pit  Mined mostly in Basin & Range and Transition Zone  Morenci (the largest), Bisbee, Ray, etc.

13. Mineral Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Arizona Ore Deposits Massive Sulfides  Large amounts of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), gold (Au), & silver (Ag)  Proterozoic rocks  Mined mostly in Transition Zone

14. Mineral Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Arizona Ore Deposits Massive Sulfides United Verde Mine  “Black smoker” depositsBlack smoker

15. Mineral Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Arizona Ore Deposits Asbestos  Some fibers occur naturally in the air (we breathe ~1 million fibers per year)  Removal is expensive (in 1990 - $7 billion for removal)  A general term for fibrous forms of several different minerals  White asbestos – not carcinogenic (in 95% of U.S. buildings)

16. Mineral Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Arizona Ore Deposits Asbestos  Proterozoic rocks  Mined mostly in the Transition Zone

17.  Mined across Arizona  Occurs mostly in sedimentary rocks Mineral Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Arizona Ore Deposits Uranium

18.  Non-renewable resources (fossil fuels, nuclear)  Renewable resources (hydro, geothermal, solar, wind) Energy Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources

19.  Hydrocarbons = compounds of H + C, with O, N, S Hydrocarbons  Forming oil & natural gas: 1) organic material 2) bury, compact, heat 3) migrate 4) trap Energy Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Fossil Fuel Origins  Petroleum, natural gas, coal, etc. generated from the remains of C-based organisms (oil and NG may also have other origins) Petroleumnatural gas

20.  Arizona produces minor amounts of oil (Four Corners area)  Different types of hydrocarbon traps Energy Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Petroleum & Natural Gas Fossil Fuels

21.  Organic matter must accumulate in O 2 -deficient conditions (otherwise it will decay)  Burial causes increased T & P – forces volatiles (O, N, H) out & concentrates C over a few million years Energy Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Coal Fossil Fuels

22.  Provides ~20% of U.S. energy (mostly used for electricity)  Abundant - main hydrocarbon resource of the future (may be #1 by 2020) Energy Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Coal Fossil Fuels

23.  Mostly in Mesozoic rocks Energy Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Coal Fossil Fuels  Most Arizona coal mined in NE Colorado Plateau area (Black Mesa)

24.  Coal plants convert ~34% of coal energy to electricity  Coal contains 0.2-7% S (+ O 2 = SO 2 = acidic rain) Energy Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Producing Electricity Fossil Fuels  Coal-fired, steam-electric power plants

25.  Nuclear fission - Isotopes of certain heavy elements are split into lighter elements & release lots of energy Nuclear fission  235 U = 0.7% of all U (expensive to separate)  1 gram of 235 U = 2.7 metric tons of coal  Finite supply, waste disposal problems  103 nuclear units supply ~20% of U.S. electricity Energy Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Nuclear

26.  $6 billion facility  Arizona’s Palo Verde Power Plant – one of the largest nuke plants in the U.S. (3810 MW - three reactor units)Palo Verde Power Plant Energy Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Nuclear

27.  Water spins turbines that spin generators to make electricity Energy Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Hydroelectric  Disrupts river system

28. Colorado River Dams & Lakes  Glen Canyon (Lake Powell) – 1300 MW, but limited to <800 MW (Navajo coal plant = 2250 MW) Glen Canyon Energy Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Hydroelectric

29.  Parker (Lake Havasu) – 120 MW Parker  Hoover (Lake Mead) – 2080 MW (19% to AZ) Hoover Colorado River Dams & Lakes Energy Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Hydroelectric

30.  Pump water to depth > waters heats up > retrieve steam  Mostly restricted to the Basin & Range Energy Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Geothermal

31.  Passive – greenhouses, water heaters  Clean, but PV cells are expensive & inefficient  Active – store in batteries & use later  Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert sunlight to electricity Photovoltaic Energy Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Solar

32.  Convert wind energy to electricity Energy Resources Arizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources Wind  Clean, but localized and marginally cost effective

33. WWW Links in this Lecture > Ore - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore > Hydrothermal - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal > Galena - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galena > Cinnabar - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnabarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnabar > Pyrite - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite > Sphalerite - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaleritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphalerite > Malachite - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachite > Porphyry copper - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyry_copper_deposithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyry_copper_deposit > Open-pit mining - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_pit_mininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_pit_mining > Massive sulfide - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanogenic_massive_sulfide_ore_deposithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanogenic_massive_sulfide_ore_deposit > Seafloor massive sulfide - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafloor_massive_sulfide_depositshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafloor_massive_sulfide_deposits > Asbestos - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos > Uraninite - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraninitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraninite > Petroleum - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum > Natural gas - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas > Hydrocarbon - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon > Coal - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoalArizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources

34. WWW Links in this Lecture > Coal-fired power plant - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant > Nuclear power - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power > Nuclear fission - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission > Palo Verde power plant - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Verde_Nuclear_Generating_Station http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Verde_Nuclear_Generating_Station > Hydroelectricity - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity > Glen Canyon dam - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Canyon_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Canyon_Dam > Hoover Dam - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Dam > Parker Dam - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_Dam > Geothermal power - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power > Solar power - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power > Photovoltaic cell - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics > Wind power - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerArizona’s Energy & Mineral Resources