1. AUTOMATED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Unit 5

2. introduction :(refer to khandpur 893p-898)
INFUSION PUMP
An infusion pump infuses fluids, medication or nutrients into a patient's circulatory system.
It is generally used intravenously, although subcutaneous, arterial and epidural infusions are occasionally used.
Infusion pumps can administer fluids in ways that would be impractically expensive or unreliable if performed manually by nursing staff.
For example, they can administer as little as 0.1 mL per hour injections (too small for a drip), injections every minute, injections with repeated boluses requested by the patient, up to maximum number per hour (e.g. in patient-controlled analgesia), or fluids whose volumes vary by the time of day.
Because they can also produce quite high but controlled pressures, they can inject controlled amounts of fluids subcutaneously (beneath the skin), or epidurally

3. Basic Infusion System Fluid container Drip chamber Roller Clamp
Flow by gravity
Flow controlled by roller clamp
Difficult to set and control infusion rate
Drip chamber
Show infusion set
Roller Clamp

4. Infusion Pumps What are they? What do they do?
Usually electrically powered infusion devices
What do they do?
Use pumping action to infuse fluids, medication or nutrients into patient
Suitable for intravenous, subcutaneous, enteral and epidural infusions

5. Types of infusion
Continuous infusion usually consists of small pulses of infusion, usually between 500 nanol-iters and 10 milliliters, depending on the pump's design, with the rate of these pulses depending on the programmed infusion speed.
Intermittent infusion has a "high" infusion rate, alternating with a low programmable infusion rate to keep the cannula open. The timings are programmable. This mode is often used to administer antibiotics , or other drugs that can irritate a blood vessel.
Patient-controlled is infusion on-demand, usually with a preprogrammed ceiling to avoid intoxication.
The rate is controlled by a pressure pad or button that can be activated by the patient.
It is the method of choice for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), in which repeated small doses of opioid analgesics are delivered, with the device coded to stop administration before a dose that may cause hazardous respiratory depression is reached.
Total parenteral nutrition: usually requires an infusion curve similar to normal mealtimes.

6. Infusion Pumps Why are they used? What are they used for?
To provide accurate and controllable flow over a prescribed period or on demand
What are they used for?
Wide range of drugs and therapies including
Chemotherapy
Pain management
Total parental nutrition
Anaesthesia/sedation
Etc. etc.

7. Application :(refer to khandpur 893p-898)
Hospital system
Ambulatory application

8. COMPONENT OF DRUG INFUSION SYSTEMS :(refer to khandpur 893p-898)
1.DELIVERING THE DRUG
2. SYRINGE PUMP 
Definition :A syringe driver or syringe pump is a small infusion pump (some include infuse and withdraw capability), used to gradually administer small amounts of fluid (with or without medication) to a patient or for use in chemical and biomedical research.

9. Principles of Operation
Syringe pumps use a series of sensors and a motor driven plunger head to infuse liquid at a precise rate
Inputs
Outputs AC
Moving Plunger
Full syringe
Liquid released at steady rate

10. Principle of Operation
Chassis contains:
LCD screen
Alarm to alert user of failures and other issues that need attention
Power supply
2 power distribution boards
Memory capabilities
Records doses, rates, and settings

11. Principles of Operation
Chassis contains:
Flange clamp sensor
Determines if syringe flange is present
Barrel clamp sensor
Determines if barrel of syringe is present
Determines size of syringe
Position sensor
Determines how far plunger head is from chassis

12. Principles of Operation
Chassis contains:
Motor and worm gear
Smoothly moves plunger head outwards
Unidirectional
Pyramid shaped reflective counter
Rotates with motor
Counts rotations by reflecting light back at a sensor

13. Principles of Operation
Plunger head contains:
Force sensor
Syringe plunger pushes against sensor
Springs attached to plunger flippers and force sensor detect presence of syringe plunger
Clutch & lever to allow and prevent plunger from moving freely

14. Operation
Place syringe in three clamps (flange, barrel, plunger flippers)
Designate infusion settings on screen
Press “start”
Bolus option: quickly moves plunger head to prime syringe
Always pay attention to alarm warnings
Use Biomed option for troubleshooting help

15. Applications
Infuse fluids, medication or nutrients into circulatory system
Administers fluids more reliably than humans
Improve patient safety by increasing consistency and accuracy
Assist in investigation of incidents by collecting data in memory

16. Safety Always use PPE (Personal protective equipment (PPE))
Read manual before using

17. 3.PERISTALTIC PUMPS :(also refer to khandpur 893p-898)
t is type of positive displacement pump used for pumping a variety of fluids.
The fluid is contained within a flexible tube fitted inside a circular pump casing (though linear peristaltic pumps have been made).
A rotor with a number of "rollers", "shoes", "wipers", or "lobes" attached to the external circumference of the rotor compresses the flexible tube.
As the rotor turns, the part of the tube under compression is pinched closed (or "occludes") thus forcing the fluid to be pumped to move through the tube. Additionally, as the tube opens to its natural state after the passing of the cam ("restitution" or "resilience") fluid flow is induced to the pump. This process is called peristalsis
Typically, there will be two or more rollers, or wipers, occluding the tube, trapping between them a body of fluid.
The body of fluid is then transported, at ambient pressure, toward the pump outlet. Peristaltic pumps may run continuously, or they may be indexed through partial revolutions to deliver smaller amounts of fluid.

19. IMPLANTABLE INFUSION SYSTEM(IIS) :(refer to khandpur 893p-898)
It is intended to provide long-term continuous or intermittent drug infusion.
Possible routes of administration include intravenous, intra-arterial, subcutaneous, intra-peritoneal, intrathecal, epidural, and intra-ventricular etc
The IIS is surgically placed in a subcutaneous pocket under the infraclavicular fossa or in the abdominal wall, and a catheter is threaded into the desired position.
A drug is infused over an extended period of time, and the drug reservoir may be refilled as needed by an external needle injection through a self-septum in the IIP.
Bacteriostatic water or physiological saline is often used to dilute drugs.
A heparinized saline solution may also be used during an interruption of drug therapy to maintain catheter patency.
The driving mechanisms may include peristalsis, fluorocarbon propellant, osmotic pressure, piezoelectric disk benders, or the combination of osmotic pressure with an oscillating piston.