1. Distributed Database Applications COSC 5050 Week Six

2. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Outline Triggers DML triggers Mutating tables Other triggers

3. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Trigger A named PL/SQL block stored in a database and executed implicitly when a triggering event occurs Triggering event DML statement, DDL statement, and database event executed or occurred on database A trigger can fire before or after a triggering event

4. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Use of Triggers Perform validation on changes being made to tables Automate maintenance of the database Apply rules about acceptable database administration activity

5. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Type of Trigger DML statement DDL statement Database event Instead of Suspended statement

6. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications DML Trigger Fires when records are inserted into, updated within, or deleted from a table

7. Jiangping Wang DML Trigger DML Trigger concepts Before trigger After trigger Statement-level trigger For a SQL statement as a whole Row-level trigger For a single affected row NEW and OLD pseudo-record Only available within a DML trigger WHEN clause Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications

8. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications DML Trigger Transaction participation DML triggers participate in the transaction from which they were fired If trigger raise an exception? If trigger performs any DML itself? Cannot issue COMMIT or ROLLBACK from within a DML trigger Unless autonomous transaction is used

9. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Twelve DML Triggers Action Insert, update, and delete Level Statement-level and row-level Timing Before and after

10. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Twelve Triggers INSERTUPDATEDELETE BEFORE INSERT STMTBEFORE UPDATE STMTBEFORE DELETE STMT BEFORE INSERT ROWBEFORE UPDATE ROWBEFORE DELETE ROW AFTER INSERT STMTAFTER UPDATE STMTAFTER DELETE STMT AFTER INSERT ROWAFTER UPDATE ROWAFTER DELETE ROW

11. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Trigger Name Trigger name must be unique within a schema INSERTUPDATEDELETE BEFORE INSERT STMT TABLE_NAME_BIS BEFORE UPDATE STMT TABLE_NAME_BUS BEFORE DELETE STMT TABLE_NAME_BDS BEFORE INSERT ROW TABLE_NAME_BIR BEFORE UPDATE ROW TABLE_NAME_BUR BEFORE DELETE ROW TABLE_NAME_BDR AFTER INSERT STMT TABLE_NAME_AIS AFTER UPDATE STMT TABLE_NAME_AUS AFTER DELETE STMT TABLE_NAME_ADS AFTER INSERT ROW TABLE_NAME_AIR AFTER UPDATE ROW TABLE_NAME_AUR AFTER DELETE ROW TABLE_NAME_ADR

12. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Statement vs. Row Trigger -- an after statement level trigger CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER statement_trigger AFTER update ON employee BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('After update statement level'); END; / -- an after row level trigger CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER row_trigger AFTER update ON employee FOR EACH ROW BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('After update row level'); END; /

13. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Before vs. After Trigger -- a before statement level trigger CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER before_statement_trigger BEFORE update ON employee BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Before update statement level'); END; / -- an after statement level trigger CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER after_statement_trigger AFTER update ON employee BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('After update statement level'); END; /

14. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Trigger for Various DML -- after insert statement CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER after_insert_statement AFTER INSERT ON employee BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('After insert statement'); END; / -- after update statement CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER after_update_statement AFTER UPDATE ON employee BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('After update statement'); END; / -- after delete statement CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER after_delete_statement AFTER DELETE ON employee BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('After delete statement'); END; /

15. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications When Clause create or replace trigger bef_ins_ceo_comp after update on ceo_compensation for each row when ( old.compensation * 1.2 < new.compensation ) pragma autonomous_transaction; begin insert into ceo_comp_history values (:new.name, :old.compensation, :new.compensation, ‘after update’, sysdate); commit; end; When clause must evaluate to TRUE for the trigger to fire

16. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications When Clause -- an after row level trigger CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER row_when_trigger AFTER update ON employee FOR EACH ROW WHEN (OLD.code > 1000 and NEW.code > OLD.code) BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('After update when code < 1000'); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Old value = ' || :OLD.code || ', ' ); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('New value = ' || :NEW.code || '. ' ); END; / CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER valid_when_clause BEFORE INSERT ON frame FOR EACH ROW WHEN ( TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'HH24') BETWEEN 9 AND 17 )...

17. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Pseudo-Record Data structures that like records for a row level trigger NEW -- new values, for insert and update OLD -- original values, for update and delete Is of a type triggering_table%rowtype Preface with a colon within trigger :new.salary No colon with WHEN clause

18. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Pseudo-Record Use of REFERENCING clause Create or replace trigger audit_update after update on frame referencing old as prior_to_cheat new as after_cheat for each row Begin insert into frame_audit (bowler_id, game_id, frame_number, old_strike, new_strike, …) values (:after_cheat.bowler_id, :after_cheat.game_id, :prior_to_cheat.strike, :after_cheat.strike, …) End;

19. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Determining DML Action INSERTING UPDATING DELETING PACKAGE DBMS_STANDARD IS FUNCTION INSERTING RETURN BOOLEAN; FUNCTION DELETING RETURN BOOLEAN; FUNCTION UPDATING RETURN BOOLEAN; FUNCTION UPDATING (COLNAM VARCHAR2) RETURN BOOLEAN; … END DBMS_STANDARD

20. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Determining DML Action alter table employee add ( created_by varchar2(20), created_date date, modified_by varchar2(20), modified_date date ); create or replace trigger three_in_one before delete or insert or update on employee for each row begin if inserting then :new.created_by := user; :new.created_date := sysdate; elsif deleting then dbms_output.put_line('audit_deletion(user, sysdate)'); elsif updating then :new.modified_by := user; :new.modified_date := sysdate; end if; end;

21. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Multiple Triggers Multiple triggers of the same type for a single table A single trigger is easier to maintain Multiple same type triggers reduce parse and execution time No guarantee of the order of firing

22. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Data Dictionary USER_TRIGGERS SELECT TRIGGER_NAME, STATUS FROM USER_TRIGGERS; SELECT TRIGGER_BODY FROM USER_TRIGGERS WHERE TRIGGER_NAME = '&1'; SELECT TEXT FROM USER_SOURCE WHERE NAME = '&1';

23. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Mutating Tables Mutating table A table having a DML statement issued against it Mutating table error Trigger tries to read or modify such a table When a row level trigger tries to examine or change a table that is already undergoing change

24. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Mutating Tables Table is mutating when it Is being modified by insert, update, or delete statement Is being read by Oracle to enforce a referential integrity constraint Is being updated by Oracle to enforce a delete cascade constraint What tables mutate? When do tables mutate?

25. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications What Tables Mutate For any insert, update, or delete statement, the table that is the target will mutate Foreign key constraints, both parent and child tables will mutate whenever: Update parent (parent update restrict) Delete from parent (parent delete restrict) Insert into child (child insert restrict) Update child (child update restrict) When delete cascade, the parent table and all relative child tables will mutate

26. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Mutating Problem The problem occurs when a trigger attempts to read from a table or update a table while it is mutating A row trigger cannot issue a read/write against a table that is mutating Statement level trigger is fine

27. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications When Tables Mutate create table tab (n number); -- The before insert statement create or replace trigger tab_bis before insert on tab --for each row declare row_count number; begin dbms_output.put_line( 'enter before insert statement trigger'); select count(*) into row_count from tab; dbms_output.put_line( 'leave before insert statement trigger'); end; /

28. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications When Tables Mutate INSERTUPDATEDELETE BEFORE INSERT STMT NO BEFORE UPDATE STMT NO BEFORE DELETE STMT NO BEFORE INSERT ROW NO ( single row insert only ) BEFORE UPDATE ROW YES BEFORE DELETE ROW YES AFTER INSERT STMT NO AFTER UPDATE STMT NO AFTER DELETE STMT NO AFTER INSERT ROW YES AFTER UPDATE ROW YES AFTER DELETE ROW YES Triggers generate mutating table error

29. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications When Tables Mutate Think of four triggers as a series of events: Before Statement No Error Before Row Mutating Error After Row Mutating Error After Statement No Error Before Statement No Error Before Row Mutating Error After Row Mutating Error After Statement No Error Before Statement Mutating Error Before Row Mutating Error After Row Mutating Error After Statement Mutating Error Delete Cascade

30. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications DDL Triggers Create table / alter table Create index Create trigger / drop trigger

31. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER town_crier AFTER CREATE ON SCHEMA BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('I believe you have created something!'); END; / SET SERVEROUTPUT ON DROP TABLE a_table; CREATE TABLE a_table (col1 NUMBER); CREATE INDEX an_index ON a_table(col1); DROP FUNCTION a_function; CREATE FUNCTION a_function RETURN BOOLEAN AS BEGIN RETURN(TRUE); END; / /*-- a CRLF to flush DBMS_OUTPUTs buffer */ EXEC DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(CHR(10));

32. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Dropping the Undroppable CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER ON_CREATE BEFORE CREATE ON SCHEMA BEGIN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR( -20000, 'ERROR: OBJECTS CANNOT BE CREATED IN THIS DATABASE.'); END; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER UNDROPPABLE BEFORE DROP ON SCHEMA BEGIN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR( -20000, 'YOU CANNOT DROP ME! '); END;

33. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Database Event Triggers Database event triggers fire whenever database wide events occur START UP SHUTDOWN SERVERERROR LOGON LOGOFF

34. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER error_log AFTER SERVERERROR ON SCHEMA DECLARE v_errnum NUMBER; v_now DATE := SYSDATE; v_counter NUMBER := 1; BEGIN LOOP v_errnum := ORA_SERVER_ERROR(v_counter); EXIT WHEN v_errnum = 0; INSERT INTO error_log( username, error_number, sequence, timestamp) VALUES(USER, v_errnum, v_counter, v_now); v_counter := v_counter + 1; END LOOP; END; / Database Event Triggers

35. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications INSTEAD OF Triggers View A custom representation of data Can be referred to as a “stored query” Non-updateable view Set operations such as union, union all, intersect, minus Group functions such as avg, count, max, min,sum Group by or having clauses The distinct operator

36. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications INSTEAD OF Triggers create view dept_summary as select department.dept_num, dept_name, count(ssn) as total_employees from department inner join employee on department.dept_num = employee.dept_num group by department.dept_num, dept_name; delete from dept_summary where dept_num = 2;

37. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications INSTEAD OF Triggers create or replace trigger dept_summary_del instead of delete on dept_summary for each row begin update department set dept_mgr_ssn = null where dept_num = :old.dept_num; delete from employee where dept_num = :old.dept_num; delete from department where dept_num = :old.dept_num; end; delete from dept_summary where dept_num = 2; delete from dept_summary where dept_num = 15; delete from dept_summary where dept_num = 1;

38. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications INSTEAD OF Triggers Complexity of designing an INSTEAD OF trigger The relationship among tables Effect of a trigger design Underlying tables may not be limited by the view query

39. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications AFTER SUSPEND Triggers Fire whenever a statement is suspended Space issue Suspended/resumable statement

40. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Maintaining Triggers Disable triggers Enable triggers Drop triggers View triggers USER_TRIGGERS Validity of triggers SELECT OBJECT_NAME, OBJECT_TYPE, STATUS FROM USER_OBJECTS;

41. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Administration of Triggers Enable and disable ALTER TABLE PURCHASE_ORDER ENABLE ALL TRIGGERS; ALTER TABLE PURCHASE_ORDER DISABLE ALL TRIGGERS; ALTER TRIGGER PURCHASE_ORDER_BIR DISABLE; ALTER TRIGGER PURCHASE_ORDER_BIR ENABLE; Drop DROP TRIGGER PURCHASE_ORDER_BIR;

42. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Administration of Triggers If the table is dropped, the table’s database triggers are dropped as well Be careful to use “replace” Replace existing function, procedure, or package with the same name Associate a different table with your trigger, an error message is generated

43. Jiangping Wang Webster UniversityDistributed Database Applications Homework Create a PL/SQL update trigger on the employee table that caps the salary increment by 10%. What are the eventual update values for the PL/SQL commands? Create an audit table and implement the audit_deletion trigger logic. Lab activities.