1. Triggers

2. Triggers: Motivation Assertions are powerful, but the DBMS often can’t tell when they need to be checked. Attribute- and tuple-based checks are checked at known times, but are not powerful. Triggers let the user decide when to check for any condition.

3. Event-Condition-Action Rules Another name for “trigger” is event-condition-action (ECA) rule. Event : typically a type of database modification, e.g., “insert on Sells.” Condition : Any SQL boolean-valued expression. Action : Any SQL statements.

4. Example Using Sells(bar, beer, price) and a unary relation, maintain a list of bars that raise the price of any beer by more than $1. –Let the unary relation be RipOffBars(bar). CREATE TABLE Sells( beer VARCHAR(10), bar VARCHAR(13), price FLOAT ); CREATE TABLE RipOffBars( bar VARCHAR(13) );

5. The Trigger CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER PriceTrig AFTER UPDATE OF price ON Sells FOR EACH ROW WHEN(new.price > old.price + 1.00) BEGIN INSERT INTO RipoffBars VALUES(:new.bar); END PriceTrig; / Remark. This and other trigger examples are in ORACLE syntax which differs slightly from standard SQL syntax. Event: only changes to prices We need to consider each price change Condition: a raise in price > $1 Updates let us talk about old and new tuples. When the price change is great enough, add the bar to RipoffBars

6. Options: CREATE TRIGGER CREATE TRIGGER Or: CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER –Useful if there is a trigger with that name and you want to modify the trigger. If creating the trigger gives: Warning: Trigger created with compilation errors. Execute: show errors to display the errors.

7. Options: The Event AFTER can be BEFORE. UPDATE ON can be DELETE ON or INSERT ON. And UPDATE ON can be UPDATE …OF… ON mentioning a particular attribute in relation.

8. Options: FOR EACH ROW Triggers are either “row-level” or “statement-level.” FOR EACH ROW indicates row-level; its absence indicates statement-level. Row level triggers : execute once for each modified tuple. Statement-level triggers : execute once for an SQL statement, regardless of how many tuples are modified.

9. Row Triggers In ORACLE For an update trigger, the old attribute value can be accessed using :old. and the new attribute value can be accessed using :new. For an insert trigger, only :new. can be used. For a delete trigger only :old. can be used. In WHEN clause of the trigger use old., new. (i.e. no colon :)

10. Options: The Condition Any boolean-valued condition. Evaluated on the database as it would exist before or after the triggering event, depending on whether BEFORE or AFTER is used.

11. Options: The Action Surround by BEGIN... END.

12. Another Example CREATE TABLE emp ( empno INT, ename VARCHAR(30), deptno INT, sal FLOAT, comm FLOAT ); The following is a before row-level trigger that calculates the commission of every new employee belonging to department 30 that is inserted into the emp table. CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER emp_comm_trig BEFORE INSERT ON emp FOR EACH ROW BEGIN IF :NEW.deptno = 30 THEN :NEW.comm := :NEW.sal *.4; END IF; END; /

13. Let’s trigger INSERT INTO emp VALUES (9005,'ROBERS',30, 3000,NULL); INSERT INTO emp VALUES (9006,'ALLEN',30, 4500,NULL); SELECT * FROM emp WHERE empno IN (9005, 9006); EMPNOENAME DEPTNOSALCOMM ----------------------------------- 9005ROBERS3030001200 9006 ALLEN 30 45001800

14. Miscellaneous about Triggers Multiple Trigger Events: You may specify up to three triggering events using the keyword OR. Here are some examples:... INSERT ON R...... INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE ON R... Restrictions on include: –You can’t modify the same relation whose modification is the event triggering the trigger. –You can’t modify a relation which is the “parent” of the triggering relation in a foreign-key constraint.

15. Miscellaneous about Triggers Viewing Defined Triggers –To view a list of all defined triggers, use: SELECT trigger_name FROM user_triggers; –For seeing the code: SELECT text FROM user_source WHERE name = 'PRICETRIG' ORDER BY line; Dropping Triggers DROP TRIGGER ; Disabling or Enabling Triggers ALTER TRIGGER {DISABLE|ENABLE}; Has to be uppercase.

16. Aborting Triggers with Errors Triggers are often be used to enforce constraints. –Using built-in function RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR. The action that activated the trigger (insert, update, or delete) would be aborted. –E.g, the following trigger enforces the constraint Person.age >= 0: CREATE TABLE Person (age INT); CREATE TRIGGER PersonCheckAge AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OF age ON Person FOR EACH ROW BEGIN IF (:new.age < 0) THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20000, 'no negative age allowed'); END IF; END; /

17. Aborting Triggers with Errors (Cont’d) If we attempted to execute the insertion: INSERT INTO Person VALUES (-3); we would get the error message: ERROR at line 1: ORA-20000: no negative age allowed ORA-06512: at "MYNAME.PERSONCHECKAGE", line 3 ORA-04088: error during execution of trigger 'MYNAME.PERSONCHECKAGE' and nothing would be inserted.

18. Statement-Level Trigger Whenever an insert, update, or delete operation occurs on the emp table, a row is added to the empauditlog table recording the date, user, and action. First let’s create the empauditlog table: CREATE TABLE empauditlog ( audit_date DATE, audit_user VARCHAR2(20), audit_desc VARCHAR2(20) );

19. Now the trigger CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER emp_audit_trig AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON emp DECLARE v_action VARCHAR2(20); BEGIN IF INSERTING THEN v_action := 'Added employee(s)'; ELSIF UPDATING THEN v_action := 'Updated employee(s)'; ELSIF DELETING THEN v_action := 'Deleted employee(s)'; END IF; INSERT INTO empauditlog VALUES (SYSDATE, USER, v_action); END; /

20. Let’s trigger it… INSERT INTO emp(empno, ename, deptno) VALUES (9001,'SMITH',50); INSERT INTO emp(empno, ename, deptno) VALUES (9002,'JONES',50); UPDATE emp SET ename = 'SMITH BROWN' WHERE empno=9001; DELETE FROM emp WHERE empno IN (9001, 9002); SELECT TO_CHAR(AUDIT_DATE,'DD-MON-YY HH24:MI:SS') AS "AUDIT DATE", audit_user, audit_desc FROM empauditlog ORDER BY 1 ASC; AUDIT DATE AUDIT_USER AUDIT_DESC ------------------ -------------------- -------------------- 08-FEB-08 09:43:02 THOMO Added employee(s) 08-FEB-08 09:43:02 THOMO Deleted employee(s) 08-FEB-08 09:43:02 THOMO Updated employee(s) 08-FEB-08 09:43:02 THOMO Added employee(s)