3. Plant Propagation Essential Standard 4.00: Examine factors relating to plant growth and development.

4. Objective 4.02 Use sexual and asexual methods of propagation.

5. Propagation The multiplication of a kind or species. Reproduction of a species.

6. Sexual Propagation Propagation from seeds. Pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma. Fertilization occurs and seeds are produced.

7. Germination Rates Percent of seeds that sprout –75 out of 100=75% Rate is affected by seed viability, temperature and moisture. Rates vary depending on plant and quality of seed.

8. Seeds Plant depth depends on the size of seeds –larger seeds are planted deeper –water small seeds from bottom by soaking Embryo Endosperm Seed Coat

9. Seedlings (small plants) Transplant when first true leaves appear –Reduce humidity and water and make environment more like outside to “harden off” plants –The first sets of leaves are called cotyledons. Monocots produce one seed leaf. Dicots produce two seed leaves. True leaves are the second set of leaves

10. Seeds to Seedlings

11. Advantages of Sexual Reproduction Fast way to get many plants Easy to do Economical

12. Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction Some plants, especially hybrids, do not reproduce true to parents Some plants are difficult to propagate from seeds

13. Examples of plants started by seed Marigold Impatiens Begonia Coleus Salvia, Shasta daisy Pansy

14. Asexual Reproduction Uses growing plant parts other than seeds Types of asexual reproduction: –cuttings –layering –division or separation –budding –grafting –tissue culture

15. Rooting from Cuttings Rooting media should be about 4 inches deep Best time of day is early mornings because plants have more moisture Types of cuttings: –stem –leaf –root

16. Stem Cuttings Using a small piece of stem to reproduce plants using hormones and dipping in fungicides help speed up rooting

17. Leaf cuttings Using small pieces of leaves to reproduce new plants from herbaceous plants vein must be cut

18. Stem Cuttings-Step 1 Gather all materials needed

19. Stem Cuttings-Step 2 Cut 3 to 4 inch shoot from stem tip

20. Stem Cuttings-Step 3 Remove lower leaves from the shoot

21. Stem Cuttings-Step 4 Dip cut surface in rooting hormone

22. Stem Cuttings-Step 5 Thoroughly moisten rooting medium

23. Stem Cuttings-Step 6 Stick one or more cuttings in rooting media

24. Stem Cuttings-Step 7 Cover with plastic wrap or place on a mist bench in a warm area away from direct sunlight.

25. Stem Cuttings-Step 8 Once rooted, cuttings can be separated carefully and transplanted

26. Root Cuttings Using small pieces of roots to reproduce plants should be three inches apart in rooting area

27. Layering Scarring a small area of stem to produce new plants –air layering –trench layering –mound layering

28. Trench Layering

29. Division or Separation Cutting or pulling apart plant structures for reproduction –bulbs –corms –rhizomes –tubers –runners –stolons –suckers

30. Bulbs

31. Grafting Joining separate plant parts together so that they form a union and grow together to make one plant. Wedge Graft Approach Graft

32. Grafting Terms Scion-the piece of plant at the top of the graft Rootstock-the piece of the plant at the root or bottom of the graft

33. Methods of Grafting If the scion and rootstock are the same size –wedge –splice –whip and tongue –approach

34. If the scion is smaller than the rootstock –cleft –side –notch –bark inlay Methods of Grafting

35. Budding A form of grafting when a bud is used –patch budding –T-budding –Chip Budding Chip Budding

36. How to perform T-budding Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4

37. Tissue Culture Using a small amount of plant tissue to grow in a sterile environment The most plants in a short time True to parent plant

38. Advantages of Asexual Production Plants mature in a shorter time Budding is faster than grafting In trench layering, a plant forms at each node on a covered stem Some plants do not produce viable seed New plants are the same as the parent plant

39. Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction Some require special equipment and skills, such as grafting Cuttings detach plant parts from water and nutrient source Some plants are patented making propagation illegal

40. The Uses of Biotechnology in Horticulture

41. What is Biotechnology? The use of cells or components (parts) of cells to produce products or processes

42. Methods Tissue culture or micropropagation Cloning Genetic Engineering

43. Tissue Culture Uses terminal shoots or leaf buds in a sterile or aseptic environment on agar gel or other nutrient-growing media to produce thousands of identical plants

44. Cloning Genetically generating offspring from non-sexual tissue

45. Genetic Engineering Movement of genetic information in the form of genes from one cell to another cell to modify or change the genetic make-up

46. Benefits of Biotechnology Produce many identical plants in a short time Increase disease and insect resistance Increase tolerance to heat and cold Increase weed tolerance

47. Increase tolerance to drought Improve environment Increase production Other genetic changes Benefits of Biotechnology

48. Review Assignment 749689963