2. Forces that Change Earth’s Surface I-Interacting Earth Systems: A- A-Three spheres of the earth: 1- Lithosphere = rock or land 2- Hydrosphere = 2- Hydrosphere = water 3- Atmosphere = 3- Atmosphere = gases

5. 4- The exchange of energy between the three spheres cause changes in the Earth’s surface. B- External Forces: wear the land down to sea level. 1- Weathering breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces. a- a- ice, rain, and gases.

6. Types of Weathering: 2- Types of Weathering: a- Physical weathering: ~Frost Action: repeated freezing and melting {Glaciers}

7. Water seeps into cracks and expands when it freezes breaking rock apart

9. ~Root-pry: ~Root-pry: roots grow between cracks and grow causing rocks to break apart.

10. ~Gravity: ~Gravity: pulls loosen rocks & soil down. {Landslide} ~Abrasion: ~Abrasion: wind & water carry solid particles that sand down rock.

11. b- Chemical weathering: b- Chemical weathering: changes occur in the mineral composition or chemical makeup of rock. Water ~Water: dissolves soluble rock Oxidation ~Oxidation: Oxygen combines with another substance to form a new material.

12. ~Carbonation carbonicacid ~Carbonation: A weak acid is formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water called carbonic acid which dissolves rock.

14. ~Sulfuric acidAcidRain ~Sulfuric acid: Acid Rain When sulfurous gases combines with water. Wears away rock and other materials very quickly.

16. Mountains a- Mountains produced mainly by folding and faulting. Folding ~Folding takes place when the crust presses rock causing it to bend.

17. C- Internal Forces: C- Internal Forces: Forces that produce mountains, earthquakes, & volcanoes. 1- 1-Mountains, Plains, & Plateaus

20. Faulting fault stress in crust. ~Faulting occurs when forces in the crust squeezes or pull causing it to crack or break along a fault = stress in crust.

22. Mountains volcanoes ~Mountains can also be formed by volcanoes: Lava pours out cools pours out cools forming layers of igneous rock.

23. b- Plains: are broad, flat regions found at low elevation. Made of sedimentary rock layers underwater that have slowly raised.

24. c- Plateaus: Large area of flat- topped rocks, caused by faulting or lava flows.

25. D- Earthquakes: D- Earthquakes: Sudden movements of rocks sliding along faults in the crust. Earthquakes cause strong vibrations that travel through the Earth.

26. 1- Three Types of Waves: a- Primary waves (P-waves) can travel through liquids and solids. b- Secondary waves (S-waves) travel only through solids. c- Longitudinal waves (L-waves) surface waves.

28. E- Structure of Earth: 1- Crust: Outer layer of Earth. Composed of solid rock material about 8-32 km thick. a- Moho: between the crust and Mantle

29. 2- Mantle: Below the crust about 2900 km thick consisting of iron and magnesium. 3- Outer Core: Below the mantle about 2300 km thick liquid. {S-waves cannot go through it} 4- Inner Core: Solid material about 1200 km {P-waves travel faster through it}

31. F- Continental Drift: was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912, based on the continents fitting together like a puzzle known as Pangea {pan-jee-uh}

32. 1-Wegener also based his theory of fossils, rocks, mountains, and glacial features found on both sides of the Atlantic.

33. G- Seafloor Spreading Oceanographers discovered an underwater mountain ridge running north-south down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean (Mid-Atlantic Ridge). Along the ridge, there was volcanic activity. This building of new rock which moves east and west supports Wegener theory.

35. H- The Theory of Plate Tectonics H- The Theory of Plate Tectonics is the combination of continental drift and ocean floor spreading. 1- 1- According to the theory the Earth’s crust is broken up into large plates that move an interact. 2- 2- Scientist believe the plates move due to the heat is the mantle circulating.

39. Mapping the world

40. A-Latitude- A-Latitude- The Earth is a sphere if you cut it horizontally or vertically into circles. 1.The 1.The distance between the North Pole and the equator is 90 0. 2.If 2.If a circle is drawn around the Earth at each degree this is equal to a line of latitude latitude.

41. 3. Equator = 00 00 00 00 latitude. 4. Lines of latitude run west to east and are measured in degrees north-south.

42. B-Longitude: B-Longitude: Lines run north- south and are measured in degrees west-east. 1-0 0 1-0 0 longitude longitude = the Prime Meridian Meridian. Greenwich England.