1. English Morphology and Lexicology
Shao Guangqing

2. Chapter 2 The Development of English Vocabulary
2.1 The Indo-European Language Family
2.2 A Historical Overview of English
Vocabulary
2.3 Growth of Present-day English
2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development

3. 2.1 The Indo-European Language Family

4. The Indo-European Language Family

5. Sino-Tibetan Language family

6. Altaic languages

7. 2.1 The Indo-European Language Family
All these languages have some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Some of them have played a considerable role in the course of the development of the English vocabulary.

8. 2.2 A Historical Overview of English Vocabulary
Celts: Celtic
Roman Legions: 55-54BC~410
German tribes: Angles; Saxons; Jutes

9. 2.2 A Historical Overview of English Vocabulary
Celts: Celtic
Celtic made only a small contribution to the English vocabulary with such words as crag and bin, and a number of place names like Avon, Kent, London, Thames.
Roman Legions: 55-54BC~410
German tribes: Anglo-Saxons

10. 2.2.1 Old English ( )
In around 449, Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes took permanent control of the land, which was to be called England (the land of Angles).
Their language, Anglo-Saxon, was generally referred to as Old English.

11. 2.2.1 Old English (450-1150) The introduction of Christianity
Latin-speaking Roman missionaries under St. Augustine
At the end of the 6th century
New words: abbot, candle, altar, amen, apostle…

12. 2.2.1 Old English ( )
They change meaning of native words: Easter
Name of the spring festival honoring the goddess of dawn
a Christian festival and holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus Christ on the third day after his crucifixion

13. 2.2.1 Old English ( )
Create new words by combining two native words
handbook (manual)

14. 2.2.1 Old English ( )
The invasion by Norwegian and Danish Vikings
The 9th century
everyday words:
father
husband, house, life
man, mother, summer
winter
skirt, skill, window, leg, grasp, birth, they, their, them, egg

15. 2.2.1 Old English ( )
1. The invasion by the Anglo-Saxons (449 AD)
2. The introduction of Christianity (the end of the 6th century)
3. The invasion by Norwegian and Danish Vikings (the 9th century)

16. 2.2.1 Old English ( )
a vocabulary of about to words
a highly inflected language just like modern German.
Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs had complex endings or vowel changes, or both, which differ greatly from the language we use today.

17. 2.2.2 Middle English (1150-1500) The invasion by Normans from France
Norman French: noble speech
English: inferior language

18. 2.2.2 Middle English ( )
By the end of the 13th century, English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and government and regained social status.
the Wycliff translation of the Bible
the writings of Chaucer, Langland, etc.

19. 2.2.2 Middle English ( )
1250~1500
9000 words of French origin into English
government, social scales, law, religion, moral matters, military affairs, food, fashion…
state, power
prince, duke
judge, court, crime
angel, mercy
peace, battle
Pork, bacon, fry, roast
dress, coat…

20. 2.2.2 Middle English ( )
During this period, Britain had trade relations with the low countries, esp. Holland.
About words of Dutch origin into English
boom (at the bottom of a sail)
deck, easel, freight
stoop (porch and entrance)

21. 2.2.2 Middle English ( )
Middle English retained much fewer inflections.
Endings of nouns and adjectives marking distinction of number, case and often of gender lost their distinctive forms. The same is true of the verbs.
Old English: a language of full endings
Middle English: a language of leveled endings

22. 2.2.3 Modern English (1500~ )
Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England.
Early Modern English
Late Modern English
1700~

23. Early Modern English(1500-1700)
the new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics
Renaissance
over Latin and Greek words (25%) into English
translators; scholars

24. Late Modern English(1700~ )
Bourgeois Revolution (1640)
Industrial Revolution (1760)
British colonization
enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world
after World War 2
breathtaking advances in science and technology
New words created for new ideas, inventions, or scientific achievements

25. In Modern English, word endings were mostly lost with only a few exceptions.
It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language （old English）to the present analytic language.

26. 2.3 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary
Three main sources of new words
rapid development of modern science and technology
45%
social, economic, and political changes
11%
the influence of other cultures or languages
24% (life-styles)

27. Words of science and technology
Biology & Chemistry: green revolution, astrobiology, astrochemistry
Space science: space shuttle, earthrise, moon walk, parking orbits
Medicine: retrovirus, open heart surgery
Atomic technology: smart bomb, fallout, irradiation

28. Green revolution

29. astrobiology

30. astrochemistry

31. space shuttle

32. earthrise

33. moon walk

34. parking orbits

35. retrovirus

36. open heart surgery

37. smart bomb

38. fallout

39. Words of economic/political changes
Food: fast food, TV dinner, megavitamin, soy milk
Clothing: granny glasses, pant suit, hip huggers
Music: disco, punk rock, soul music
TV and Film: talk shows, family movies, boob tube

40. TV dinner

41. granny glasses
John Lennon

42. Pant suit

43. hip huggers

44. punk rock

45. soul music

46. Words of economic/political changes
Politics and economy: petropolitics, Watergate, the fourth world, stagflation, demand-pull
Education: open university, pass-failing grade, telequiz
Women’s liberation: chairperson, girlcott, Ms
Drug culture: Mary Jane, soft drug, headshop

47. Drug culture
Mary Jane= Marijuana [,mærɪ'hwɑːnə]

48. Influence of other cultures/languages
Cuisine (Middle East): stir frying, pita bread, tahini, felafel
African: dashhikis
Fashion: Mao jackets, Nehru jacket
Martial arts: aikido, kungfu, dojo, black belt

49. pita bread

50. tahini

51. Felafel=falafel

52. Dashhikis=dashikis

53. Mao jackets

54. Nehru jacket

55. aikido

56. dojo

57. black belt

58. 2.4 Models of Vocabulary Development
1. Creation: the most important way of vocabulary expansion
2. Semantic change: creating new usages of words
3. Borrowing: playing a vital role in vocabulary development
4. Reviving archaic or obsolete words: (American use) loan for lend; guess for think; druggist for chemist; fall for autumn; sick for ill

59. THANK YOU