1. TeachJava! 2003 Corky Cartwright Dung Nguyen Stephen Wong Charlie Reis, James Hsia, Peter Centgraf

2. From C++ To Java C++ and Java have similar syntax. Don’t be misled! Profoundly different semantics: high-level objects vs. bytes in memory Profoundly different programming models: Java is object-oriented (OO) C++ is object-based (OB) in normal usage

3. Encouraging Note Writing OO programs in Java is remarkably easy -- provided we recognize that it is fundamentally different than writing OB programs in C++. There is little common conceptual ground, other than syntactic conventions, beween OO programing (OOP) in Java and OB programming in C++

4. Guiding Vision Program design in Java is data-directed. Design the data abstractions first; they will determine the structure of the code. In OOP circles, this data design process is often called object-modeling. Common data abstractions are codified as design patterns

5. Secondary Theme DrJava, our lightweight, reactive environment for Java, facilitates active learning; with DrJava learning Java is a form of exploration. DrJava is not a toy; DrJava is developed using DrJava. It includes everything that we believe is important and nothing more.

6. What Is an Object? Collection of fields representing the properties of a conceptual or physical object. Collection of operations called methods for observing and changing the fields of the object. These fields and methods often called the members of the object.

7. Example: Phone Directory Task: maintain a directory containing the office address and phone number for each person in the Rice Computer Science Dept. Each entry in such a directory has a natural representation as an object with three fields containing a person’s –name –address –phone number represented as character strings.

8. Summary of Entry format Fields: – String name – String address – String phone – Methods: –String getName() –String getAddress() –String getPhone()

9. Java Method Invocation A Java method m is executed by sending a method call o.m() to an object o, called the receiver. The method m must be a member of o. The code defining the method m can refer to the receiver using the keyword this.

10. Finger Exercise In the DrJava programming environment, open the program file Entry.java, compile it, and type the following statements in the Interactions pane: Entry e = new Entry("Corky","DH 3104","x 6042"); e.getName() e.getPhone()

11. Java Expressions Java supports essentially the same expressions over primitive types ( int, float, double, boolean ) as C++. Notable differences: –boolean is a distinct type from int –no unsigned version of integer types –explicit long type

12. Finger Exercise Evaluate the following: -5 + 3 -(5 + 3) 5 % 3 5./3. 5 / 0 5./0. 3 +.1 *.1 - 3. 5 < 6 5. > 6.

13. Finger Exercise cont. 72. - 32. * 1.8 (72. - 32.) * 1.8 72. - 30. - 12. 72. - (30. - 12.)

14. Java Statements Essentially the same form as in C++: assignment, if, while, for, return, … But well-written Java programs consist primarily of assignment, if, and return statements (with smattering of for ). Focus on assignment and if for most of the week.

15. Assignment Restricted form of assignment: variable definition type var = exp ; Example int x = 5;

16. Finger Exercise int x = 5; x*x double d =.000001; double dd = d*d; dd dd*dd 1. + dd 1. + dd*dd

17. Finger Exercise cont. Evaluate: int x = 7; if (x = 5) y = 0; else y = 10; y Did you get the behavior that you expected? Repeat the exercise with corrected syntax. Evaluate: boolean switch1 = (x = 7); switch1 Repeat the exercise with corrected syntax.

18. Classes: Object Templates A Java program is a collection of classes. A class is an object template consisting of a collection of members--fields and methods-- plus a constructor, which is a special method used to initialize objects when created.

19. Example: Class Entry class Entry { /* fields */ String name; String address; String phone; /* constructor */ Entry(String n, String a, String p) { this.name = n; this.address = a; this.phone = p; } /* accessors */ String getName() { return this.name; } String getAddress() { return this.address; } String getPhone() { return this.phone; } }

20. Finger Exercise In the Definitions pane of DrJava, enter the Java program defining the Entry class. In the Interactions pane, evaluate the following program text: Entry e = new Entry("Corky", "DH 3104", "x 6042"); e.getName() e.getAddress() e.getPhone() Save your program for future use in a file named Entry.java.

21. Java Data Types Two fundamental categories –Primitive types: int, boolean, double, float, char, long, short, byte (first three are most common) –Object types: all class instances (objects) belong to object types, which are disjoint from the primitive types Value of primitive type (e.g., true, 0 ) are not objects

22. Object Types Organized in a strict hierarchy with the universal type Object at the top. Every class C except Object has an immediate superclass, which is the parent of C in the hierarchy. In a class definition (like our Entry example), the default superclass is Object. A descendant in the class hierarchy is called a subclass. B is a subclass of A iff A is a superclass of B. Entry is a subclass of Object ; Object is a superclass of Entry.

23. Example: the String class The String class is built-in to Java, just like Object. Finger Exercise: evaluate String s = "Corky"; Object o = s; o s o == s String t = "Cork" + "y”; t == s “hello” == “hello” Multiple copies of the same String may exist; do not use == to test String equality.

24. Object Types cont. Each subclass C inherits (includes) all of the members of its superclass. The declared members of C augment the inherited members with one exception: if C declares a method m with exactly the same name and types as an inherited method, then the new definition of m overrides (replaces) the inherited definition.

25. Inheritance from Object The Object class has several members that its children inherit. They include the methods –public String toString() which gives a String representation for the object. –public boolean equals(Object o) which compares this to o

26. Example of Overriding class Entry { /* fields */ String name; String address; String phone; /* constructor */ Entry(String n, String a, String p) { this.name = n; this.address = a; this.phone = p; } /* accessors */ String getName() { return this.name; } String getAddress() { return this.address; } String getPhone() { return this.phone; } /* overridden methods */ public String toString() { return "Entry[" + name + " " + address + " " + phone + "]"; }

27. Finger Exercise Open your Entry class into the DrJava Definitions pane. Compile your program and evaluate: Entry e = new Entry("Corky", "DH 3104", "x 6042"); e Add the definition of toString() from the previous slide to your Entry class. Compile your program and evaluate: Entry e = new Entry("Corky", "DH 3104", "x 6042");

28. The Wrapper Classes How do we treat primitive values as objects? Java includes a builtin “wrapper” class for each primitive type. Examples: –Integer is the wrapper class for int –Boolean is the wrapper class for boolean –Double is the wrapper class for double

29. Finger Exercise In the DrJava Interactions evaluate the following: Integer i = new Integer(5); i Integer j = i; i == j Integer k = new Integer(5); i == k i.equals(k)

30. Constructors Given a class definition, Java provides a mechanism called new for creating new instances of the class. To exploit the new, the class must provide a special method called a constructor that specifies how the fields of the created object are initialized. A constructor method has the same name as the class and does not contain the return type in the heading. Example: Entry(String n, String a, String p) { this.name = n; this.address = a; this.phone = p; } If a class does not include a constructor, Java provides a default constructor (of no arguments) that does nothing.

31. Finger Exercise Add a second constructor Entry(String n) { …} to the Entry class where n specifies the name of the entry. Use any reasonable default value, e.g., " unknown" for the address and phone fields. Evaluate the expression new Entry("Matthias")