1. Chapter 3 MIGRATION Key Issues 2, 3, and 4
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2. Key Issue 2
Where Do People Migrate Within a Country?

3. Center of Population Gravity

4. Recent U.S. Interregional Trends

5. Thinking Like A Geographer
Use ESPN to identify the main push and pull factors in this next group of RLEs.

6. Russia: Interregional Migration in
Soviet policies “encouraged” eastward and northward migration
Government’s decision to locate new factories near resource- rich land
Offered some economic incentives to away European region
Did not work well, and ended with the collapse of the USSR

7. Russia Population Density

8. Interregional Migration in Canada
Canada: Shares a similar east to west interregional migration pattern with the U.S. Three westernmost provinces are destinations for interregional migrants

9. Interregional Migration in China
China: Nearly 100 million people have emigrated from rural interior to large urban areas along east coast where manufacturing is prevalent

10. Interregional Migration in Brazil
Government moved its capital from Rio De Janeiro to Brasília (600 miles from Atlantic Coast) to encourage migration of Atlantic coast residents to move to the interior.
This is called a “forward capital.”

11. Intraregional Migration: U.S.
Migration between cities, suburbs, and nonmetropolitan areas in 2010

12. Counterurbanization
A new migration trend in MDCs during the late 20th C when rural areas were characterized by net in-migration
Is most prevalent in places rich with natural amenities- environmental and cultural pull factors
Rocky Mountain States

14. Thinking Like A Geographer
USA
What factors explain there a rapid decline in migration rates since the 1990s?

15. Key Issue 3
Why Do People Migrate?

16. Push – Pull Factors Push factor motivate people
to move out of their present
location
Pull factors motivate people to move into a new location
Both push and pull factors play a role in human migration.

17. Three Types of Push-Pull
We can identify major kinds of push and pull factors:
Economic- usually #1 reason
Political
Environmental

18. Economic Push and Pull Factors
Most voluntary migrants are pushed AND pulled for economic reasons
The relative attractiveness of a region can shift with economic change…but migration has slowed since 2008 recession.

19. Migrant Workers in Europe
Guest workers emigrate mainly from Eastern Europe and North Africa (LDs) to work in the wealthier countries of Western Europe (MDs)

20. Migrant Workers in Asia
Asia is both a SOURCE and a DESTINATION for migrant workers
China
40,000,000 live and work in other countries
Is a destination for poor workers from surrounding countries
Still has MUCH MORE internal than international migration
SW Asia
Oil Jobs pay more
Workers treated very poorly

21. Political Push and Pull Factors
United Nations recognizes groups of forced political migrants
refugees have been forced to migrate to avoid a potential threat to life/cannot return for fear of persecution
internally displaced persons (IDP) are similar to refugees, but have not migrated across an international border
asylum seekers have migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as refugees

22. Turn and Talk… Let Your Ideas Explode
Think about recent political instability- what regions of the world are migration “hot spots” and why?

23. Map It!

24. Watch with a purpose… what vocabulary do you hear?
RLE: A Migrant’s Story
CLICK TO WATCH!
Watch with a purpose… what vocabulary do you hear?

25. Refugees: Sources and Destinations
Major source and destination areas of both international and internal refugees

26. Environmental Push and Pull Factors
Environmental Pull Factors
Seasides
Warm Climates
Lifestyle choices
Environmental Push Factors
Water: most common environmental threat
Floods/Droughts
Mountains

27. Key Issue 4
Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?

28. Intervening Obstacles
Migrants cannot not always go to their desired destination
They may be blocked by an intervening obstacle
In the past, intervening obstacles were primarily environmental- mountains, deserts, large bodies of water
BUT
Today’s migrant faces intervening obstacles created by government and politics

29. U.S. Quota Laws
In 1990, the global quota was raised to 700,000 with no more than 7 percent from one country, but there are many qualifications and exceptions can alter the limit. states-immigration-system-works-fact-sheet

30. Who Gets In?
Since more seek admission to the U.S. than is permitted by the quotas, preferences are shown toward:
Family Reunification (about ¾ of immigrants)
Skilled Workers (about ¼ of immigrants) and may set up chain migration
Diversity (few immigrants- because their sending country historically has sent very few migrants)

31. Brain Drain
Sending countries alleged preference for skilled workers contributes to brain drain- a term for the disproportionate amount of highly skilled and intelligent citizens migrating away from sending countries

32. China’s Wealthiest Are Leaving
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33. Undocumented Immigration to the United States
People who cannot legally enter the United States are now immigrating illegally- 58% are from Mexico
Census Bureau estimates 7 million undocumented immigrants are in the U.S. (other estimates are as high as 20 million!)
More than a million persons are caught annually trying to cross the southern U.S. border
Half of the undocumented residents legally enter the country as students or tourists and then remain after they are supposed to leave

34. RLE: Mexican Immigration
Mexican migration matches the migration transition and distance- decay theories
U.S. border states are the primary destination
Most immigrants originate not from Mexico’s northern states but from interior states
Much of the migration is seasonal farm work

35. Characteristics of Mexican Migrants
Ravenstein noted that most long- distance migrants have historically been male or young adults rather than families
BUT since the 1990s the gender pattern has reversed, and Mexican women now constitute about 55% of U.S. immigration
40% young adults, 15% children
Arizona Bus STation

37. A Matter of Perspective
How do YOU frame the issue?
What bias do you bring to the table?
How do the terms unauthorized immigrant, undocumented immigrant, and illegal alien reflect the bias of the speaker/writer?

38. A Matter of Perspective
View from the U.S.
recognizes motives that compel unauthorized immigrants to enter illegally for better jobs, to reunite family, and to have a better way of life but not all welcome immigrants
View from Mexico
residents of northern Mexico wish for compassion to be shown to unauthorized immigrants
residents of southern Mexico are less tolerant because of number of unauthorized immigrants entering Mexico from Guatemala

39. Not A New Issue

40. Many U.S. Citizens Support/Believe…
Increased Border Patrols
Workplace Initiatives
A “Path to Citizenship”
Allowing law enforcement officials to verify the legal status of anyone (but we fear racial profiling)
Unauthorized immigration is a federal level issue
Immigration is a complicated issue

41. Migration Flows in Europe

42. Opponents of European Immigration
Do not support population growth that is fueled by immigration from other regions of the world
Fear is that the host country’s culture will be lost because immigrants adhere to different religions, speak different languages, and practice different cultural habits
Hostility to immigrants has become a central plank of some political parties in many European countries
Immigrants blamed for crime, unemployment rates, and high welfare costs

43. Europeans as Emigrants- Cultural Diffusion
Europe was the source of most of the world’s emigrants, during the nineteenth century and European culture was spread throughout the world:
Indo-European languages are now spoken by half of the world
Christianity has the world’s largest number of adherents
Political structures and ideals used as a model
European art, music, literature, philosophy, and ethics have diffused throughout the world
Europeans strongly identify with EMIGRATION, but have a mixed perspective on IMMIGRATION

44. Quiz Yourself!

45. Next… Folk and Popular Culture
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