1. INTERACTION WEB (DESERT)

2. Creosote JuniperGrass Kangaroo Mouse

3. FOOD WEB (DESERT)

4. Fig. 20.14 in Cain et al. 2008

5. Fig. 20.15 in Cain et al. 2008

6. EFFECT OF PREDATOR DIVERSITY ON COMMUNITY DIVERSITY

7. Figs. 17.6 in Molles 2008 Tidal Pool Food Webs Subtropical Food Web Temperate Food Web

8. Hypothesis: Predators enhance Tidepool Diversity 1) Reduce Prey Abundance 2) Prevent Competitive Exclusion by Superior Competitors 3) Allow more Species to Co-Exist

9. Experiment (Robert Paine) Eliminate Top Predator Fig. 17.6 in Molles 2008

10. Fig. 17.7 in Molles 2008 Mukkaw Bay WA Results Gooseneck Barnacles Mussels

11. Results: New Zealand Fig. 17.7 in Molles 2008 Stichaster Asian Green Mussel ( Perna )

12. Keystone Species: Species that Exert Strong Influence On Community Structures Disportionate to their Biomass

13. EXTENDING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF KEYSTONE SPECIES I Littorina Green Alga: Enteromorpha Red Alga: Chondrus

14. Fig. 17.8 in Molles 2008 Manipulative Experiments: Lubchenko

15. Effect of Snails on Algal Diversity Fig. 17.9 in Molles 2008

16. EXTENDING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF KEYSTONE SPECIES II Early Summer Late Summer Dense Green Alga ( Cladophora) Fish Movement: Steelhead “Ropey” Green Alga ( Cladophora)

17. Experiment (Mary Power) EnclosureExclosure

18. Fig. 17.12 in Molles 2008 Results

19. Mechanism Fig. 17.11 in Molles 2008

20. Fig. 17.13 in Molles 2008 Steelhead Exclosure, Enclosure Effects on Other Predators and Herbivores

21. Dominant Species: Species that exert Strong Effect On Community by Virtue of Biomass Fig. 17.14 in Molles 2008

22. Mutualists as Keystone Species I: Cleaner Wrasse

23. Experiment: Redouan Bshary Fig. 17.16 in Molles 2008

24. Mutualists as Keystone Species II: Large Seed-Dispersing Ants

25. Figs. 17.17, 17.18 in Molles 2008 Effects of Invasion by Non-Seed Dispersing Ants

26. Mutualists as Keystone Species III: Pollinators ?