1. Organization rules…

2. Question: What class is this? How do you know when to come here? Why do you come to this school? Which block is this? The answers to these questions are all based on a system of organization that the school follows. Who made these rules? (my personal favorite question!!)

3. In Biology…….. The activity that involves grouping and naming is called classification. The branch of Biology that involves classification of organisms is called taxonomy!! Not to be confused with taxidermy!

4. Classification systems have 2 main purposes: 1.To identify organisms 2. To provide basis for recognizing groupings/ relationships between organisms

5. Keep in mind: Classification systems are artificial. They are developed by scientists to deal with the great diversity of life (currently we’ve named 1.5 million organisms…estimates are that there may be as many as 10 million !!!)

6. What are some practical uses for a biological classification system? Good bug, bad bug? Berries at the bog…

7. History of classification (1): 4 th century BCE: Aristotle observed and grouped over 500 different animals. At the same time, Theophrastus grouped plants as herbs shrubs trees

8. But, with the increase in travel and the invention of the microscope… we needed a more efficient, effective system to deal with the increase in information. History of classification (2):

9. Introducing…. Carl Linnaeus Founder of modern Taxonomy Born in Sweden Studied at many universities Made 4600km expedition to Lapland, where he identified 100 botanical species 1735, he published Systema Naturae, his classification of plants based on their sexual parts 1707-1778 History of classification (3):

10. Linneaus: Used structural features of organisms Recognized that the more features have in common, the closer their relationship Created rules for assigning names to organisms Used a two word system for identifying each kind of organisms: known as binomial nomenclature

11. Binomial nomenclature It is a two word Latin name  first name is the genus  second name is the species name Both together we call the species name

12. Examples: Genus: Canis, meaning dog Species: familiaris, meaning domesticated Species name: Canis familiaris Genus: Felis, meaning cat Species: catus, domestic Species name: Felis catus

13. The Advantages of Binomial Nomenclature Advantage 1: Uses one language because descriptions and different names in different languages = confusion!!!

14. What is it? an animal with prickly spikes lives in the water called an Itik in Inutitut called an ourson in French It’s a sea urchin!! Paracentrotus lividus

15. Advantage 2: Binomial Nomenclature indicates similarities between organisms. Example: Genus: Ursus, meaning bear U. maritimus U. americanus U. horribilis

16. Ailuropoda melanoleuca Phascolarctus cinereus Fooled you… not bears at all…

17. Advantage 3: Common names can be confusing and misleading. Examples: A starfish is not a fish Echinodermata (Spiny-skinned Tide Pool Creatures) Pisaster brevenspinus Ringworm is not a worm It’s a skin infection caused by fungus

18. Advantage 4: People use many words to name the same organism depending on where they live (same language). Example: puma = cougar = mountain lion = panther Felis concolor

19. Current classification Today, we use seven categories by which to classify each type of organism: Each category is called a taxon (7 taxa in all)

20. Kingdom ( most general) Phylum Class Order Family Genus (most specific)Species KPCOFGS Can you find a mnemonic for this?

21. King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti Kevin’s Poor Cow Only Feels Good Sometimes Keep Pond Clean Or Froggy Gets Sick

22. Examples: KingdomAnimalia PhylumChordata Arthropoda ClassMammalia Insecta OrderPrimates Diptera FamilyHominidaePongidaeMuscidae GenusHomoPanMusca speciessapienstroglodytedomestica

23. Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Mammalia Order Sirenia Order Cetacea Order Tubulidentata

24. Figure 1.14 Classifiying life from Biology, Campbell Reese page 13