1. Ethical Boundaries and Practices Ethical issues and their implications in healthcare.

2. Key Terms: Ethics 8 guiding principles Code of conduct Scope of practice Incident reports

3. What is ethics? Principles of right and wrong. Who should practice ethical behavior? Is there such a thing as ethical behavior among friends? When was the importance of ethics in health care first recognized?

4. Hippocrates What do you know about Hippocrates? – Greek – Physician – Lived 2500 years ago – Wrote Hippocratic Oath, which is still taken by physicians today.

5. Codes of Ethics Professional associations write codes of ethics. Purpose: Set standards of professional conduct that promote the welfare of patients and assure high quality care. Is there a professional code of ethics for your future health profession?

6. Ethics and the Law Laws are based on ethical principles. Most laws enforce ethical standards. Sometimes laws are in conflict with a person’s ethical principles. Healthcare workers should act in the best interest of patients and support legal standards for patient care.

7. Ethics and the Law As a future healthcare professional, do you think you will ever be put in a position where your personal ethics are in conflict with the requirements of your profession? What will you do? As a healthcare professional, will you be able to disengage your emotions when dealing with ethical conflicts?

8. Guiding Principles Ethical principles for healthcare workers and the corresponding laws that were created to support them.

9. Guiding Principles 1)Preserve life 2)Do good 3)Respect autonomy 4)Uphold justice 5)Be honest 6)Be discreet 7)Keep promises 8)Do no harm

10. Healthcare Ethics: Euthanasia Results in death to alleviate suffering or when there is no hope for recovery. Many healthcare professionals feel euthanasia is contrary to their professional ethics. Regardless of their beliefs, healthcare workers should follow state laws.

11. Healthcare Ethics: Organ Transplants Organ donations come at a time of crisis when somebody dies. Healthcare workers should ask about donation. Illegal to transplant organs without patient or family permission.

12. Healthcare Ethics: Conception IVF – In vitro fertilization Egg and sperm donation Surrogates Fertility drugs What are the ethical considerations?

13. Should there be limits to IVF? Should obese people be allowed to have IVF? Should a couple be approved for IVF if they both smoke? Should a single person who is unemployed be a candidate for IVF?

14. Codes of Conduct Ethical responsibilities include respecting the cultural, social and ethnic differences of patients and other healthcare workers. “Scope of practice” helps define the code of conduct for healthcare workers. Performing skills outside the scope of practice is illegal and unethical. Ethical codes of conduct are based on moral standards and society’s expectations.

15. Ethical Dilemmas Advances in health care have created ethical dilemmas for healthcare providers. There are no easy answers when addressing ethical dilemmas. The question is – what is the responsibility of healthcare providers when addressing ethical dilemmas?

16. Ethical Dilemmas Should family members be allowed to discontinue life support? Do parents have a religious right to refuse life-saving blood transfusions for their child? Should people be allowed to sell organs for use in transplant? Should human beings be cloned? What should be done with fertilized frozen embryos when the parents no longer want them?

17. Ethics Committee Most hospitals have ethics committees that examine ethical issues related to patient care. They can advise patients, families and healthcare providers. A hospital ethics committee might decide the best action to take for a terminally ill patient on a respirator. An ethics committee might also be asked to pass judgment on the actions of a healthcare provider.

18. Incident Reports/ Electronic Occurrence Reports To ensure prompt reporting and documentation of all incidents resulting in injury or having potential adverse affects to patients, employees, or visitors. To accurately document threats or actions of violence and environmental emergencies. To accurately document incidents of property damage.

19. Incident Reports Follow your agency’s policies in filling out and submitting incident reports. Focus on the facts. The purpose of the incident report is for legal record keeping – NOT punishment. Can you think of examples of when an incident report might be completed?

20. Electronic Incident Reports

21. Professional Practice 1.Use the approved methods when performing procedures. 2.Obtain proper authorization before performing any procedure. 3.Identify the patient. 4.Observe all safety precautions.

22. Professional Practice 5.Think before you speak and carefully consider everything you say. 6.Accept no tips or personal gifts. 7.Immediately tell your supervisor if you make a mistake. 8.Act professionally in everything you say and do.