1. Lecture 18: Boolean Algebra Boolean Functions

2. w = Chris is allowed to watch television x = Chris's homework is finished y = it is a school night z = it is earlier than 10:00 p.m. Definition of Symbolic Logic w = ( x AND z ) OR ( NOT y ) Symbolic logic is the method of representation and techniques of algebraic manipulation that separates the meaning of factual statements from proofs of their consistency and their truth value. w = the dog is wet x = the dog is outside y = the dog did not jump in the pool z = it is raining

3. Binary Operators In the following descriptions, we will let A and B be Boolean variables and define a set of binary operators on them. The term binary in this case does not refer to base-two arithmetic but rather to the fact that the operators act on two operands. unary operator

4. Operator Precedence As with other algebraic systems, we recognize an order of precedence for the application of its operators. The highest precedence is associated with the unary operator NOT (~). At the next level is AND and NAND. At the next lower level is OR and NOR and XOR. In this text, we place the equality operator (=) at the lowest precedence.

5. Truth Tables Definition: Given a Boolean function F containing n Boolean variables b 0, b 1, b 2,..., b n-1, we can construct a truth table containing 2 n rows which gives the value of F for every combination of truth values of the variables b 0, b 1, b 2,..., b n-1. F(x,y,z) = (xy) + (~xz) + (y)(~z) + (~xyz)

6. Evaluating Logical Expressions F(x,y,z) = (xy) + (x'z) + (y)(z') + (x'yz) F(0,1,1) = 0. 1 + 1. 1 + 1. 0 + 1. 1. 1 F(0,1,1) = 0 + 1 + 0 + 1 F(0,1,1) = 1

7. All Boolean Binary Operators

8. TRUE - This operator evaluates to true regardless of the truth values of A and B. A+B - Evaluates to true if either A or B or both are true, also called OR. B A - This is the implication operator. Stated as B implies A it evaluates to true unless B is true and A is false. A - This is a copy of the truth value set of the variable A. AB - This is the implication operator. Stated as A implies B it evaluates to true unless A is true and B is false. B - This is a copy of the truth value set of the variable B. A = B - The equality operator evaluates to true when the values of A and B are the same. A.B - Evaluated to true when both A and B are true, also called AND. ~(A.B) - The negation of A.B, also called NAND. AB - This operator is the exclusive-OR or XOR operator. ~B - The negation of B. This is a representation of the NOT operator. ~A - The negation of A. This is a representation of the NOT operator. ~(BA) - The negation of implication. See (BA) below. ~(A+ B) - This operator is the negation of OR (+) also called NOR. FALSE - This operator evaluates to false regardless of the truth values of A and B. Boolean Operator Defintions

9. Boolean Functions Definition: A Boolean Function F in n variables is a mapping from the 2 n possible truth value combinations of the n variables to truth values for F. There are unique Boolean functions possible using a maximum of n Boolean variables.

10. Tautologies F(A,B,C) = (A + B).(B' + C) G(A,B,C) = AB' + AC + BC A tautology is a logical expression that is true for every combination of truth values of its variables. (A + B).(B' + C) AB' + AC + BC

11. Venn Diagrams

12. Three-Variable Venn Diagram F(A,B,C) = A + BC'

13. Laws and Postulates Closure - We state without proof that Boolean algebra is closed under all Boolean operations. The principle of closure states that a set S is closed with respect to a binary operator if, for every pair of elements of S, the binary operator specifies a rule for obtaining a unique element in S. Associative Law - The binary operators AND and OR are associative on the set of Boolean values (0,1). The associative law states that the order in which the operators are applied to the operands does not affect the result. Commutative Law - The binary operators AND and OR are commutative on the set of Boolean values (0,1). the commutative laws states that the order in which the operands appear in the expression does not affect the result of the operation. Identity Element - The binary operators AND and OR have an identity element in the set of Boolean values (0,1). An identity element is one which when operated on with a Boolean value X results in the same value X. Inverse - Now that we have identity elements for AND and OR we can define Y as the inverse of X with respect to an operator as X+Y = 1, X. Y = 0, X+X' = 1, and X. X' = 0. Distributive Law - The distributive law defines the interrelationship between two different operators. For Boolean algebra both AND and OR follow the distributive laws. associativecommutativeidentityinversedistributive

14. Idempotent Laws and Absorption When performing algebraic manipulations of logical expressions we often encounter terms in which one or more of the variables are repeated. The idempotent laws and the laws of absorption give us a way to simplify these terms.

15. De Morgan's Theorem

16. F(x,y,z) = xy + x'z + yz' + x'yz = xy + x'z + yz' = xy(1) + x'z(1) + yz'(1) = xy(z+z') + x'z(y+y') + yz'(x+x') = xyz + xyz' + x'yz + x'y'z + xyz' + x'yz' = xyz + xyz' + x'yz + x'y'z + x'yz' = xy(z+z') + yz(x+x') + yz'(x+x') + x'z(y+y') + x'y(z+z') = xy(1) + yz(1) + yz'(1) + x'z(1) + x'y(1) = (xy+x'y) + (yz+yz') + x'z = y(x+x') + y(z+z') + x'z = y(1) + y(1) + x'z = y + y + x'z = y + x'z Algebraic Simplification

17. NAND Stands Alone OR AND NOT

18. Canonical Forms of Logical Expressions (1) The canonical forms of logical expressions representing Boolean function will be either disjunctive form (also called sum-of-products) or conjuntive form (also called product-of-sums). (2) The canonical form of a logical expression for a particular Boolean function must be unique to within the labels used for the Boolean variables and whether the expression is disjunctive or conjuntive. (3) The canonical forms of logical expressions representing two different Boolean functions must be different. F(x,y,z) = xy + y + xz' + x'y'z F(x,y,z) = xyz + xyz' + x'yz + xy'z' + x'yz' Sum of Products Canonical Sum of Products

19. F(x,y,z) = xyz + xyz' + x'yz + xy'z' + x'yz' 111 110 011 100 010

20. Product of Sums G(x,y,z) = (x+y)(x+z')(y')(x'+y'+z) (x+y) = (x+y+z)(x+y+z') (x+z') = (x+y+z')(x+y'+z') (y') = (x+y')(x'+y') = (x+y'+z)(x+y'+z')(x'+y'+z)(x'+y'+z') G(x,y,z) = (x+y+z)(x+y'+z)(x+y+z')(x+y'+z')(x'+y'+z)(x'+y'+z') 000 010 001 011 110 111

21. Minterms and Maxterms F(x,y,z)=xyz+xyz'+x'yz+xy'z'+x'yz' 111 110 011 100 010 7 6 3 4 2 = m(2, 3, 4, 6, 7) G(x,y,z) = (x+y+z)(x+y'+z)(x+y+z')(x+y'+z')(x'+y'+z)(x'+y'+z') 000 010 001 011 110 111 0 2 1 3 6 7 = M(0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7) minterms Maxterms

22. Converting from SOP to POS F(a,b,c) = a'bc + a'bc' + ab'c' + a'b'c' SOP form 011 010 100 000binary vectors F(a,b,c) = m(0,2,3,4)minterm list F(a,b,c) = M(1,5,6,7)maxterm list 001 101 110 111 binary vectors F(a,b,c) = (a + b + c')(a'+ b + c')(a'+ b'+ c)(a'+ b'+ c') POS form