1. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay Highlights of ISS and nufact 1. ISS 2. achieved goals 2.1 investigation of neutrino detectors set of baselines 2.2 study of accelerator -- Neutrino factory -- betabeam -- superbeam 2.3 performance studies -- new elements -- iron calorimenter performance improvement 2.4 matter effects 2.5 low energy cross-sections 3. conclusion: towards FP7 design studies

2. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay Detectors (NEW!) 1. Water Cherenkov (1000kton) 2. Magnetized sampling detector (100kton) 3. Liquid Argon TPC (100 kton) magnetized Liquid Argon TPC (15kton) 4. Hybrid Emulsion (4 kton) Near detectors (and instrumentation) ( SB,BB NF ) Physics compare performance of various options on equal footing of parameters and conventions and agreed standards of resolutions, simulation etc. identify tools needed to do so (e.g. Globes upgraded) propose « best values » of baselines, beam energies etc.. Accelerator: -- proton driver (energy, time structure and consequences) -- target and capture (chose target and capture system) -- phase rotation and cooling -- acceleration and storage evaluate economic interplays and risks include a measure of costing and safety assessment Yorikiyo Nagashima Alain Blondel Michael Zisman coordination Peter Dornan + ‘wise men’ Ken Peach Vittorio Palladino(BENE) Steve Geer Yoshitaka Kuno The ISS:

3. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay Collaborators of the scoping study : -- ECFA/BENE working groups (incl. CERN) (funded by CARE) -- Japanese Neutrino Factory Collaboration -- US Neutrino Factory and Muon collider Collaboration -- UK Neutrino Factory Collaboration (also part of BENE) -- others (e.g. India INO collaboration, Canada, China, Corea...) objectives:  Evaluate the physics case for a second-generation super-beam, a beta-beam facility and the Neutrino Factory and to present a critical comparison of their performance;  Evaluate the various options for the accelerator complex with a view to defining a baseline set of parameters for the sub-systems that can be taken forward in a subsequent conceptual-design phase;  Evaluate the options for the neutrino detection systems with a view to defining a baseline set of detection systems to be taken forward in a subsequent conceptual-design phase.

4. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay Water Cerenkov Detectors Kenji Kaneyuki, Jean-Eric Campagne Magnetic Sampling Detectors Jeff Nelson --> Anselmo Cervera http://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/magneticdetector/SMD-web.htm TASD Malcolm Ellis Large Magnet Alan Bross Liquid Argon TPC http://www.hep.yorku.ca/menary/ISS/ Scott Menary, Andreas Badertscher, Claudio Montanari, Guiseppe Battistoni (FLARE/GLACIER/ICARUS’) Emulsion Detectors http://people.na.infn.it/~pmiglioz/ISS-ECC-G/ISSMainPage.html http://people.na.infn.it/~pmiglioz/ISS-ECC-G/ISSMainPage.html Pasquale Migliozzi Near Detectors http://ppewww.ph.gla.ac.uk/~psoler/ISS/ISS_Near_Detector.html Paul Soler Working groups Detector Technology associated with detector type dedicated detector technology session at ISS2 in KEK Jan06.

5. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay ISS detector mailing list (78)

6. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay Executive summary: I. baseline detectors beamFar detectorR&D needed sub-GeV BB and SB (MEMPHYS, T2K) Megaton WCphotosensors! cavern and infrastructure 1-2 GeV BB and SB (off axis NUMI, high E BB, WBB) no established baseline TASD (NOvA-like) or Liquid Argon TPC or Megaton WC photosensors and detectors long drifts, long wires, LEMs Neutrino Factory (20-50 GeV, 2500-7000km) ~100kton magnetized iron calorimeter (golden) + ~10 kton non-magnetic ECC (silver) straightforward from MINOS simulation+physics studies ibid vs OPERA

7. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay Executive summary II. beyond the baseline, (but should be studied) beamFar detectorR&D needed sub-GeV BB and SB (MEMPHYS, T2K) Liquid Argon TPC (100kton) clarify what is the advantage wrt WC? 1-2 GeV BB and SB (off axis NUMI, high  BB) no established baseline Neutrino Factory (20-50 GeV, 2500-7000km) platinum detectors! large coil around TASD/Larg/ECC engineering study for magnet! simulations and physics evaluation; photosensors, long drift, etc…

8. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay Executive summary: III: near detector, beam instrumentation beamBI, NDR&D needed sub-GeV BB and SB (MEMPHYS, T2K) T2K example…. CONCEPT for precision measurements? concept simulations theory 1-2 GeV BB and SB (off axis NUMI, high g BB) NOvA example.. CONCEPT for precision measurements? ibid Neutrino Factory (20-50 GeV, 2500-7000km) beam intensity (BCT) beam energy +polarization beam divergence meast shielding leptonic detector hadronic detector need study -- need study need concept simul+study simul+study+ Vtx det R&D

9. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay Magnetized Iron calorimeter (baseline detector, Cervera, Nelson) Baseline 3500 Km 732 Km 10 8 4 x 10 6 2 x 10 8 7.5 x 10 6 3.4 x 10 5 3 x 10 5  CC e CC  signal (sin 2  13 =0.01) Event rates for 10 20 muon decays (<~1 year) (J-PARC I  SK = 40) B = 1 T  = 15 m, L = 25 m t(iron) =4cm, t(sc)=1-2cm Fiducial mass = 100 kT Charge discrimination down to 1 GeV 200M$

10. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay New analysis (Cervera) OLD: P  > 5 GeV NEW: L  > L had + 75cm (shown for three different purity levels down to << 10 -4 ) old analysis new analysis

11. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay Location of INO

12. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay INO Detector Concept

13. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay Upgrade of the proton accelerator complex at CERN Protons Accelerators for the Future (PAF) WG Present chain: weak link in Linac 2 and in the PS (old!)

14. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay Priority is given to LHC but efforts should be made to incorporate the demands of the High intensity neutrino programme the cheapest way to LHC luminosity consolidation is to -- implement the LINAC 4 and replace the CERN PS Step I : replace linac 2 by Linac 4 increase injection rate no major improvement for neutrinos ~2011

15. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay Step II: new PS2 (5-50 GeV) PS remains in operation for injection at 5 GeV in PS2 possible increase of SPS intensity --> CNGS ~2015 Priority is given to LHC and efforts should be made to incorporate the demands of the High intensity neutrino programme the cheapest way to LHC luminosity consolidation is to -- implement the LINAC 4 and replace the CERN PS

16. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay Step III: New SPL (or RCS) to ~5 GeV inject directly in PS2 Multi-MW oportunity @~5 GeV no date yet (i.e. a few more years)

17. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay   e physics at CNGS+? Basic issues to solve: 1. no near detector --> no knowledge of absolute cross sections (at osc. max there are no  to normalize…) difficult to measure absolute rates of   e and to compare vs or different energies for CP or matter effect 2. modifications of CNGS beam line are necessary. possible? perhaps easier to build new dk tunnel -- with adequate length and near detector. then why keep the same direction? 3. can SPS and targets really handle 4x more protons? 4. 100 kton Larg or 1Mton water are large investments -- may be they deserve better!

18. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay LINAC4--> PS2: an opportunity for MultiMW physics Eventually the PS should be phased out completely: need for a machine that bridges 1.4 (booster) to 5 GeV, or better 0.16 Linac4 to 5 GeV (PS2) Superconducting Proton Liac or Rapid Cycling Synchrotron both fast cycling (O(10-50 Hz). potentially a high power machine serving -- LHC -- neutrinos -- nuclear physics (Eurisol) for neutrino physics: conventional p decay superbeam proton driver for neutrino factory

19. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay 300 MeV  Neutrinos small contamination from e (no K at 2 GeV!) A large underground water Cherenkov (400 kton) UNO/HyperK or/and a large L.Arg detector. also : proton decay search, supernovae events solar and atmospheric neutrinos. Performance similar to J-PARC II There is a window of opportunity for digging the cavern starting in 2009 (safety tunnel in Frejus) CERN-SPL-based Neutrino SUPERBEAM Fréjus underground lab. target!

20. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay Super-beams: SPL-Frejus TRE CERN SPL LSM-Fréjus Near detector 130km

21. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay CERN:  - beam baseline scenario PS Decay Ring ISOL target & Ion source SPL Cyclotrons, linac or FFAG Decay ring B = 5 T L ss = 2500 m SPS ECR Rapid cycling synchrotron Nuclear Physics Same detectors as Superbeam ! target! Stacking! neutrinos of E max =~600MeV

22. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay Eurisol baseline Study CERN site (use PS and SPS as are) -- could benefit from PS2 Max.  ion in CERN SPS is 450 GeV Z/M ion  = 150 for 6 He,  = 250 for 18 Ne ==> E  eV 2.9*10 18 /yr anti- e from 6 He Or 1.1*10 18 /yr e from 18 Ne (10 17 with avail. tech.) race track (one baseline) or triangle (2 base lines) so far study CERN--> Fréjus (130km) longer baseline ~ 2-300km would be optimal + moderate cost: ion sources, 450 GeV equiv. storage ring (O(0.5M€)) + no need for 4MW target E max  =2. Q 0.  ion

23. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay Combination of beta beam with super beam combines CP and T violation tests e   (  +) (T)    e (  + ) (CP) e   (  -) (T)    e (  - )

24. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay J-E. Campagne et al. hep/ph0603172 combine SPL(3.5 GeV) +  B ==> improves sensitivity by T violation! 10 year exposure issues: -- 18 Ne flux? -- low energy --> cross-section accuracy? (assume 2%) -- energy reconstruction OK -- near detector concept? sensitivity sin 2 2  13 ~2-5 10 -4 3  sensitivity to sin 2 2  13

25. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay Better beta beams: main weakness of He/He beta-beam is low energy (450 GeV proton equiv. storage ring produces 600 MeV neutrinos) Solution 1: Higher  (Hernandez et al) Use SPS+ (1 TeV) or tevatron ==> reach  expensive! Solution 2: use higher Q isotopes (C.Rubbia) 8 B --> 8 Be e + e or 8 Li --> 8 Be e - anti- e

26. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay A possible solution to the ion production shortage: Direct production in a small storage ring, filled [Gas + RF cavity] for ionization cooling For 8 B or 8 Li production, strip-inject 6 Li / 7 Li beam, collide with gas jet (D 2 or 3 He) reaction products are ejected and collected goal: >~ 10 21 ions per year

27. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay Advantages of 8 B 5+ ( e Q=18MeV ) or 8 Li 3+ (anti- e Q=16MeV) vs 18 Ne, 6 He (Q~=3 MeV) The storage ring rigidity is considerably lower for a given E ==> for ~1 GeV end point beam for 8 B 5+ : 45 GeV proton equiv. storage ring for 8 Li 3+ : 75 GeV proton equiv. storage ring Two ways to see it: 1. Beta-beams to Fréjus (E max =600 MeV) could be accelerated with PS2 into a 50 GeV proton-equivalent storage ring (save €) 2. Beta beams of both polarities up to end-point energy of ~6 GeV can be produced with the CERN SPS (up to 2000km baseline) A new flurry of opportunities

28. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay EC: A monochromatic neutrino beam Electron Capture: N+e -  N’+ e rates are low but very useful for cross-section measurements Burget et al

29. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay

31. NON MAGNETIC MAGNETIC

32. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay NEUTRINO FACTORY -- paradoxically quite mature option. ISS (International Scoping Study) revisited accelerator and detector options in 2005-2006.

33. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay Overall comparisons from ISS (nearly final plots)   sign  m 2  CP phase  NuFACT does it all… (+ univ. test etc…) but when can it do it and at what cost?

34. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay SYSTEMATICS - related topics

35. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay  [270 0 -360 0 ]  [180 0 -270 0 ] NB: 3sigma = 6 0 means that +-1 sigma = +-3.5 0

36. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay for NUFACT:  work on systematic errors on matter effect A preliminary study was made by E. Kozlovskaya, J. Peltoniemi, J. Sarkamo, The density distribution in the Earth along the CERN-Pyhäsalmi baseline and its effect on neutrino oscillations. CUPP-07/2003  the uncertainties on matter effects are at the level of a few% J. Peltoniemi

37. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay

38. Such a study, in collaboration with geophysicists will be needed for candidate LBL sites ISS-3 at RAL Warner

39. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay near detector constraints for CP violation = A CP  sin 2    solar term… sin  sin (  m 2 12 L/4E) sin   sin   P( e   ) - P( e   ) P( e   ) + P( e   ) Near detector gives e diff. cross-section*detection-eff *flux and ibid for bkg BUT: need to know  and  diff. cross-section* detection-eff with small (relative) systematic errors.  knowledge of cross-sections (relative to each-other) required  knowledge of flux! interchange role of e and  for superbeam ex. beta-beam or nufact:

40. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay need to know this: experimental signal= signal cross-section X efficiency of selection + Background and of course the fluxes… but the product flux*  sig is measured in the near detector this is not a totally trivial quantity as there is somethig particular in each of these cross-sections: for instance the effects of muon mass as well as nuclear effects are different for neutrinos and anti-neutrinos while e.g. pion threshold is different for muon and electron neutrinos

41. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay 3.5 GeV SPL  beam -- low proton energy: no Kaons  e background is low --region below pion threshold (low bkg from pions) but: low event rate and uncertainties on cross-sections

42. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay Uncertainties in the double ratio (Sobczyk at RAL meeting) 1. problem comes from compound of Fermi motion and binding energy with the muon mass effect. the double ratio calculation is very insensitive to variations of parameters … but

43. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay at 250 MeV (first maximum in Frejus expt) prediction varies from 0.88 to 0.94 according to nuclear model used. (= +- 0.03?) Hope to improve results with e.g. monochromatic k-capture beam

44. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay

45. Conclusions CERN priority to LHC makes it unlikely to raise a new neutrino programme until at least 2016. However opportunities are open by the upgrades of the LHC acclerator complex -- upgrade of CNGS … tempting and politically attractive. but is it feasible? worth it given the time scales? -- SPL would offer a powerful low energy  beam -- beta-beam offers extremely clean e beam new ideas to improve flux/energy/cost…. -- baseline detector for sub-GeV neutrinos is WaterCherenkov -- in few GeV range, Larg, TASD etc… competitive -- near detector and monitoring systems should not be forgotten

46. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay -- neutrino factory still the ultimate contender, especially if  13 is very small. Requires magnetic detectors -- design studies of Superbeam/betabeams/ NuFact and of the associated detector systems will be necessary for a choice around 2010/2012; organization ongoing. Conclusions (ctd)

47. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay

48. Regional Oversight Committees Nufact study Accelerator Detectors Physics Betabeam study Accelerator Detectors Physics Superbeam study (or studies) Accelerator Detectors Physics Neutrino Oscillation Physics Working Group -- exact structure of each study to be decided by proponents -- Regional Oversight Committees will possibly converge to a single international committee for a future precision neutrino facility

49. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay

50. FP7 design studies under ESGARD Design studies : ~2M€ each mostly calculation or engineering work (personnel) 3 years? SLHC NUFACT +SuperBeam SC-SPS  -beam call: february 2007 --> application likely in sept. 1st 2007 funding mid 2008?

51. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay Integrated Activities - IA ~10 M€, (also called Integrated Infrastructure Initiatives - I3) Joint Research Activities, Network Activities, Trans-national access HE-HI Protons SC RF New acceleration techniques M-MW p driver Target & Collection M.MW p driver & muon RLA (200-800 MHz) power sources (CLIC) (sLHC,DLHC)(ILC) Muon cooling FFAG Call expected not earlier than April 07

52. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay to this, a design study of magnetic detectors (neutrino factory) should be added. 100kton magnetized iron detector magnetized Liquid Argon, Fine grain scintillator or Emulsion detector + near detector and instrumentation

53. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay 7.Test Beam Facility for Neutrino Detector R&D oRequest test beam in East Area at the CERN PS, with a fixed dipole magnet for dedicated Neutrino Detector R&D Liquid Argon tests, beam telescopes for silicon pixel and SciFi tests, calorimetry … Neutrino detector test facility: community resource for neutrino detector R&D

54. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay 8. Total Neutrino Detector R&D Programme Estimated total funds needed to take forward R&D plans Some fraction of these funds(~30-50%) to be requested from EU Water Cherenkov R&D in different bid

55. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay Agenda 20 septembre BENE steering group 25 octobre OPEN BENE steering group at CERN 30 October at CERN meeting of the CARE task force to define JRAs 14 november BENE06 15-17 november CARE06 February 26-28 ISS-IDS meeting @ CERN

56. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay Intensity increase to CNGS? can one launch an off axis programme similar to T2K and NUMI-off-axis? -- present neutrino beam optimized for High energy (tau appearance) ==> factor >~10 less flux at off axis energy than T2K -- no near detector! A.Rubbia et al, A. Ball et al, have proposed a low energy version of CNGS with different target and more compact optics, run off axis (E  ~800 MeV for C2GT, 1.5-2 GeV GeV for Larg A. Ball et al(C2GT) CERN-PH-EP-2006-002 A. Rubbia, P. Sala JHEP 0209 (2002) 004[arXiv:hep-ph/0207084]. A. Meregaglia and A. Rubbia hep-ph/0609106

57. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay target and horn 1.5 Mton of water in the Golf of Taranto for 25 10 19 pot = 5yrs C2GT off axis 2d maximum detector module --> sensitivity (90%) to sin 2  13 = 0.0076

58. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay

59. hep-ph/0609106Imagine: 100 kton Larg detector at 0.75 0 off-axis 850 km (1st max) -->   search or 1.5 0 off-axis 1050 km 2d max CP violation and matter effect or sharing 1st and 2d maximum assume all of 50 GeV 200 kW PS2 accelerated to 400 GeV ==> CNGS+ = 30 10 19 pot/year <-- sensitivity sin 2 2  13 ~ 10 -3 (2026) 5years

60. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay thanks to and running, sensitivity to and matter effects example (90%)for ‘known hierarchy’ (assume that hierarchy is given by comparison with another expt)

61. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay SPL (2.2 GeV) superbeam 20m decay tunnel single open horn, L Hg target Low energy --> low Kaon rate better controlled e contamination

62. A. Blondel GDR neutrino 4 0ctobre 2006 Orsay 2 years run to 440 ktonFrejus E  MeV small cross-sections limited sensitivity ( sin 2 2  13 ~ 210 -3 ) near detector design? Main technical issues -- 50 Hz horn operation -- handling of 4 MW in target and environment.