1. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle Neutrino Beams in Europe -- potential LHC injector upgrade -- CNGS and upgrade considerations -- Superbeams from proton driver SPL -- other -- beta-beams -- neutrino factory -- towards FP7 design studies

2. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle Upgrade of the proton accelerator complex at CERN Protons Accelerators for the Future (PAF) WG Present chain: weak link in Linac 2 and in the PS (old!)

3. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle Priority is given to LHC and efforts should be made to incorporate the demands of the High intensity neutrino programme the cheapest way to LHC luminosity consolidation is to -- implement the LINAC 4 and replace the CERN PS Step I : replace linac 2 by Linac 4 increase injection rate no major improvement for neutrinos ~2011

4. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle Step II: new PS2 (5-50 GeV) PS remains in operation for injection at 5 GeV in PS2 possible increase of SPS intensity --> CNGS ~2015 Priority is given to LHC and efforts should be made to incorporate the demands of the High intensity neutrino programme the cheapest way to LHC luminosity consolidation is to -- implement the LINAC 4 and replace the CERN PS

5. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle Step III: New SPL (or RCS) to ~5 GeV inject directly in PS2 Multi-MW oportunity @~5 GeV no date yet (i.e. a few more years)

6. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle Intensity increase to CNGS? can one launch an off axis programme similar to T2K and NUMI-off-axis? -- present neutrino beam optimized for High energy (tau appearance) ==> factor >~10 less flux at off axis energy than T2K -- no near detector! A.Rubbia et al, A. Ball et al, have proposed a low energy version of CNGS with different target and more compact optics, run off axis (E  ~800 MeV for C2GT, 1.5-2 GeV GeV for Larg A. Ball et al(C2GT) CERN-PH-EP-2006-002 A. Rubbia, P. Sala JHEP 0209 (2002) 004[arXiv:hep-ph/0207084]. A. Meregaglia and A. Rubbia hep-ph/0609106

7. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle target and horn 1.5 Mton of water in the Golf of Taranto for 25 10 19 pot = 5yrs C2GT off axis 2d maximum detector module --> sensitivity (90%) to sin 2  13 = 0.0076

8. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle

9. hep-ph/0609106Imagine: 100 kton Larg detector at 0.75 0 off-axis 850 km (1st max) -->   search or 1.5 0 off-axis 1050 km 2d max CP violation and matter effect or sharing 1st and 2d maximum assume all of 50 GeV 200 kW PS2 accelerated to 400 GeV ==> CNGS+ = 30 10 19 pot/year <-- sensitivity sin 2 2  13 ~ 10 -3 (2026) 5years

10. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle thanks to and running, sensitivity to and matter effects example (90%)for ‘known hierarchy’ (assume that hierarchy is given by comparison with another expt)

11. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle   e physics at CNGS+? Basic issues to solve: 1. no near detector --> no knowledge of absolute cross sections (at osc. max there are no  to normalize…) difficult to measure absolute rates of   e and to compare vs or different energies for CP or matter effect 2. modifications of CNGS beam line are necessary. possible? perhaps easier to build new dk tunnel -- with adequate length and near detector. then why keep the same direction? 3. can SPS really handle 4x more protons? 4. 100 kton Larg or 1Mton water are large investments -- may be they deserve better!

12. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle LINAC4--> PS2: an opportunity for MultiMW physics Eventually the PS should be phased out completely: need for a machine that bridges 1.4 (booster) to 5 GeV, or better 0.16 Linac4 to 5 GeV (PS2) Superconducting Proton Liac or Rapid Cycling Synchrotron both fast cycling (O(10-50 Hz). potentially a high power machine serving -- LHC -- neutrinos -- nuclear physics (Eurisol) for neutrino physics: conventional p decay superbeam proton driver for neutrino factory

13. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle 300 MeV  Neutrinos small contamination from e (no K at 2 GeV!) A large underground water Cherenkov (400 kton) UNO/HyperK or/and a large L.Arg detector. also : proton decay search, supernovae events solar and atmospheric neutrinos. Performance similar to J-PARC II There is a window of opportunity for digging the cavern starting in 2009 (safety tunnel in Frejus) CERN-SPL-based Neutrino SUPERBEAM Fréjus underground lab. target!

14. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle Super-beams: SPL-Frejus TRE CERN SPL LSM-Fréjus Near detector 130km

15. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle SPL (2.2 GeV) superbeam 20m decay tunnel single open horn, L Hg target Low energy --> low Kaon rate better controlled e contamination

16. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle 2 years run to 440 ktonFrejus E  MeV small cross-sections limited sensitivity ( sin 2 2  13 ~ 210 -3 ) near detector design? Main technical issues -- 50 Hz horn operation -- handling of 4 MW in target and environment.

17. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle CERN:  -beam baseline scenario PS Decay Ring ISOL target & Ion source SPL Cyclotrons, linac or FFAG Decay ring B = 5 T L ss = 2500 m SPS ECR Rapid cycling synchrotron Nuclear Physics Same detectors as Superbeam ! target! Stacking! neutrinos of E max =~600MeV

18. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle Eurisol baseline Study CERN site (use PS and SPS as are) -- could benefit from PS2 Max.  ion in CERN SPS is 450 GeV Z/M ion  = 150 for 6 He,  = 250 for 18 Ne ==> E  eV 2.9*10 18 /yr anti- e from 6 He Or 1.1*10 18 /yr e from 18 Ne (10 17 with avail. tech.) race track (one baseline) or triangle (2 base lines) so far study CERN--> Fréjus (130km) longer baseline ~ 2-300km would be optimal + moderate cost: ion sources, 450 GeV equiv. storage ring (O(0.5M€)) + no need for 4MW target E max  =2. Q 0.  ion

19. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle Combination of beta beam with super beam combines CP and T violation tests e   (  +) (T)    e (  + ) (CP) e   (  -) (T)    e (  - )

20. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle J-E. Campagne et al. hep/ph0603172 combine SPL(3.5 GeV) +  B ==> improves sensitivity by T violation! 10 year exposure issues: -- 18 Ne flux? -- low energy --> cross-section accuracy? (assume 2%) -- energy reconstruction OK -- near detector concept? sensitivity sin 2 2  13 ~2-5 10 -4 3  sensitivity to sin 2 2  13

21. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle Better beta beams: main weakness of He/He beta-beam is low energy (450 GeV proton equiv. storage ring produces 600 MeV neutrinos) Solution 1: Higher  (Hernandez et al) Use SPS+ (1 TeV) or tevatron ==> reach  expensive! Solution 2: use higher Q isotopes (C.Rubbia) 8 B --> 8 Be e + e or 8 Li --> 8 Be e - anti- e

22. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle A possible solution to the ion production shortage: Direct production in a small storage ring, filled [Gas + RF cavity] for ionization cooling For 8 B or 8 Li production, strip-inject 6 Li / 7 Li beam, collide with gas jet (D 2 or 3 He) reaction products are ejected and collected goal: >~ 10 21 ions per year

23. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle Advantages of 8 B 5+ ( e Q=18MeV ) or 8 Li 3+ (anti- e Q=16MeV) vs 18 Ne, 6 He (Q~=3 MeV) The storage ring rigidity is considerably lower for a given E ==> for ~1 GeV end point beam for 8 B 5+ : 45 GeV proton equiv. storage ring for 8 Li 3+ : 75 GeV proton equiv. storage ring Two ways to see it: 1. Beta-beams to Fréjus (E max =600 MeV) could be accelerated with PS2 into a 50 GeV proton-equivalent storage ring (save €) 2. Beta beams of both polarities up to end-point energy of ~6 GeV can be produced with the CERN SPS (up to 2000km baseline) A new flurry of opportunities

24. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle EC: A monochromatic neutrino beam Electron Capture: N+e -  N’+ e rates are low but very useful for cross-section measurements Burget et al

25. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle

27. NON MAGNETIC MAGNETIC

28. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle NEUTRINO FACTORY -- paradoxically quite mature option. ISS (International Scoping Study) revisited accelerator and detector options in 2005-2006.

29. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle

30. Overall comparisons from ISS (nearly final plots)   sign  m 2  CP phase  NuFACT does it all… (+ univ. test etc…) but when can it do it and at what cost?

31. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle

32. Conclusions CERN priority to LHC makes it unlikely to raise a new neutrino programme until at least 2016. However opportunities are open by the upgrades of the LHC acclerator complex -- upgrade of CNGS … tempting and politically attractive. but is it feasible? worth it given the time scales? -- SPL would offer a powerful low energy  beam -- beta-beam offers extremely clean e beam new ideas to improve flux/energy/cost…. -- baseline detector for sub-GeV neutrinos is WaterCherenkov -- in few GeV range, Larg, TASD etc… competitive -- near detector and monitoring systems should not be forgotten

33. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle -- neutrino factory still the ultimate contender, especially if q 13 is very small. Requires magnetic detectors -- design studies of Superbeam/betabeams/ NuFact and of the associated detector systems will be necessary for a choice around 2010/2012; organization on going. Conclusions (ctd)

34. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle

36. FP7 design studies under ESGARD Design studies : ~2M€ each mostly calculation or engineering work (personnel) 3 years? SLHC NUFACT +SuperBeam SC-SPS  -beam call: february 2007 --> application likely in sept. 1st 2007 funding mid 2008?

37. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle to this, a design study of magnetic detectors (neutrino factory) should be added. 100kton magnetized iron detector magnetized Liquid Argon, Fine grain scintillator or Emulsion detector + near detector and instrumentation

38. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle Integrated Activities - IA ~10 M€, (also called Integrated Infrastructure Initiatives - I3) Joint Research Activities, Network Activities, Trans-national access HE-HI Protons SC RF New acceleration techniques M-MW p driver Target & Collection M.MW p driver & muon RLA (200-800 MHz) power sources (CLIC) (sLHC,DLHC)(ILC) Muon cooling FFAG Call expected not earlier than April 07

39. A. Blondel c/o A. Rubbia NNN06, Seattle Agenda 20 septembre BENE steering group 25 octobre OPEN BENE steering group at CERN 30 October at CERN meeting of the CARE task force to define JRAs 14 november BENE06 15-17 november CARE06 February 19-21 ISS-IDS meeting @ CERN