1. Do now! Can you look through your books and read the comments? Can you also look through the tests and make sure that Ms Lee has added the marks up correctly?

2. Radioactivity

3. Last lesson describe the structure of an atom in terms of protons, neutrons and electrons and use symbols to describe particular nuclei understand the terms atomic (proton) number, mass (nucleon) number and isotope understand that ionising radiations can be detected using a photographic film or a Geiger- Muller detector recall the sources of background radiation

4. The atom orbiting electrons Nucleus (protons and neutrons)

5. Nuclide notation Li 3 7 Atomic number (proton number) = number of protons Atomic mass (mass number) = number of protons and neutrons

6. Isotopes Li 3 7 It is possible for the nuclei of the same element to have different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus (but it must have the same number of protons) Li 3 6

7. Isotopes Li 3 7 For example, Lithium atoms occur in two forms, Lithium-6 and Lithium-7 Li 3 6 4 neutrons 3 neutrons

8. Relative atomic mass On average, lithium atoms have a mass of 6.941 (relative to Carbon 12) Li 3 6.941

9. Unstable nuclei Some nuclei are unstable, for example Uranium 235 Hi! I’m uranium-235 and I’m unstable. I really need to lose some particles from my nucleus to become more stable.

10. Unstable nuclei To become stable, an unstable nuclei emits a particle Weeeeeeeeeeeeee!

11. Unstable nuclei We say the atom has decayed Weeeeeeeeeeeeee!

12. Unstable nuclei The decay of an unstable nucleus is random. We know it’s going to happen, but we can’t say when! It cannot be affected by temperature/pressure etc. Weeeeeeeeeeeeee!

13. Becquerels (Bq) The amount of radioactivity given out by a substance is measured in Becquerels. One becquerel is one particle emitted per second.

14. Detection Particles can be detected by photographic film Particles can also be detected (and counted) by a Geiger-Müller tube (GM tube) connected to a counter

15. Background radiation There are small amounts radioactive particles around us all the time. This is called background radioactivity. The amount varies depending on location.

16. Background radiation Background radiation comes from Cosmic rays from space Radioactive rocks in the ground Nuclear tests Nuclear bombs Nuclear accidents

17. Radiation Safety Run away! In other words keep the distance between you and a radioactive source as big as possible! You remember me?

18. Radiation Safety Don’t waste time! In other words limit the time you are exposed to radiation.

19. Radiation Safety If you can’t run away, hide behind something! Put a barrier between you and the radiation source that can absorb the radioactive particles

20. Today’s lesson 7.4 understand that alpha and beta particles and gamma rays are ionising radiations emitted from unstable nuclei in a random process 7.5 describe the nature of alpha and beta particles and gamma rays and recall that they may be distinguished in terms of penetrating power 7.6 describe the effects on the atomic and mass numbers of a nucleus of the emission of each of the three main types of radiation 7.7 understand how to complete balanced nuclear equations

21. 3 types of particle There are 3 types of particles that can be ejected from an unstable nuclei. You’ll learn about some really weird ones in Grade 12!

22. Alpha particles α Hi!

23. Alpha particles 2 protons and 2 neutrons joined together The same as the nucleus of a helium atom Stopped by paper or a few cm of air Highly ionising Deflected by electric and strong magnetic fields He 2 4 2+

24. Alpha Decay U 92 235 Th 90 231 + α Atomic number goes down by 2 Atomic mass goes down by 4

25. Beta particles β Yo!

26. Beta particles Fast moving electrons Stopped by about 3 mm of aluminium Weakly ionising Deflected by electric and magnetic fields e 0

27. Beta decay In the nucleus a neutron changes into an electron (the beta particle which is ejected) and a proton (which stays in the nucleus) During beta decay the mass number stays the same but the proton number goes up by 1. e 0 Th 90 231 Pa 9191 231 +

28. Gamma rays Hola!

29. Gamma rays High frequency electromagnetic radiation Stopped by several cm of lead Very weakly ionising NOT affected by electric or magnetic fields

30. Gamma rays Associated with alpha decay U 92 235 Th 90 231 + α

31. Stick it in!

32. Questions!

33. Rayneritis!

34. Homework Set 13 th November Due 19 th November Use pages 202 to 223 to make REVISION CARDS for the electromagnetism topic. OPTIONAL for David and Harsh